國立臺灣師範大學博碩士論文全文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	陳春美 Chen, Chun-Mei
論文名稱：	2000年台灣總統大選三位候選人語音的聲學與感知聽辨分析 An Acoustic and Perceptual Approach to the Representation of Taiwan Mandarin-- A Case Study of the Three Presidential Candidates' Speech
指導教授：	曾金金 Tseng, Chin-Chin
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language
論文出版年：	2001
畢業學年度：	89
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	275
中文關鍵詞：	聲學、語音、感知聽辨、總統候選人、台灣國語
英文關鍵詞：	Taiwan Mandarin, Acoustic, Perceptual, Presidential Candidates, Phonetics, Variants, Bilingual
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：332 下載：23
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

本研究以兩千年台灣總統大選三位候選人的語音為研究題材，從聲學及感知聽辨的角度來研究台灣國語的類型。陳水扁所呈現的類型是帶有閩南語腔調的台灣國語，宋楚瑜呈現的是湖南外省腔國語，連戰呈現的是以閩南語及國語雙語使用者所說的國語。藉由華語教師,本地人及初級美籍學生的聽辨結果,我們進行聲學語音的檢測研究。研究結果顯示，三位候選人所呈現的國語受其母語的影響相當大，他們的捲舌音及軟顎鼻音韻尾都呈現偏誤的變體。本研究能夠提供華語教師教學上的啟示，並能幫助外籍學生聽辨台灣國語。

Abstract
This study focuses upon voice data from mass media to disclose the phonetic facts of modern Taiwan Mandarin and to identify its acoustic and perceptual varieties. The study consists of perceptual tests and acoustic analyses of continuous speech. Each candidate represents one unique kind of Taiwan Mandarin. Candidate Chen's speech represents the Mandarin variety which is heavily influenced by Taiwanese. Candidate Soong's speech represents the Mandarin variety of “Mainlanders”, whose parents were born and raised in one of the provinces in Mainland China. Candidate Lien's speech represents the variety that is employed by bilingual speakers of Mandarin and Taiwanese. Based on perceptual tests, the phonetic features of each candidate are constructed. The acoustic analyses will provide objective data to interpret the perceptual constructions.
The results show that the so-called Taiwan Mandarin may vary considerably according to the speaker's language backgrounds. In the syllable-initial consonants, Chen's retroflex [tG, tG‘, G, B], fricative [f] and [x], nasal [m] and [n], palato-alveolar [tV, V] were perceived deviate from the standard Mandarin Chinese. In the Medial glide category, Chen substituted [i] for [y] at the syllable medial position. Chen’s insertion of Medial [u] is conditioned by the initial labial consonants. In the Rime category, Chen's various pronunciations of [iEn] and [KN] were perceived as [En] and [Kn]. Apical vowel [W] was perceived as either its counterpart [L] or [u]. In the Tone category, Chen's second tone was perceived as the third tone. The phenomena listed above can be explained by the influence of his mother tongue, Taiwanese. Soong's speech was considered within the standard range, except for his nasal consonant [n] and velar nasal-ending vowel [KN]. Lien's speech was considered standard, except for his [KN]. Nevertheless, the perceptual realizations of Lien's tones present noticeable deviations from the standard Mandarin, which might be influenced by stress, speed and other factors. We should note that both Soong's and Lien's feature of retroflex did not meet the criteria of all the Mandarin teachers.
The study provides acoustic and perceptual characteristics for the three varieties of Taiwan Mandarin. The pedagogical implication is to let second language learners of Mandarin Chinese know the pronunciation varieties of Taiwan Mandarin and thus can enhance their comprehension of Taiwan Mandarin.

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………i
CHAPTER 1 Introduction……………………………………………………1
1  Motivation……………………………………………………1
2  Objective…………………………………………………… 1
3  Background Information……………………………………2
3.1        Linguistic Aspects……………………………………2
3.2        Three Presidential Candidates…………………………5
3.3        Preliminaries…………………………………………8
4  Research Questions…………………………………………...9
5  Hypotheses and Predictions…………………………………10
  Literature Review…………………………………………..12
1  Taiwan Mandarin…………………………………………....12
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………........12
1.2 Segmental Features in Taiwan Mandarin……………..14
1.3 Tones in Taiwan Mandarin……………………………16
1.4 Related Discussion on the Phonetics of Taiwan Mandarin……………………………………………………18
2  Mandarin Phonology………………………………………...19
2.1        Syllable Structure……………………………………..19
2.2         Initials and Finals…………………………………….20
3    Language Variants…………………………………………23
3.1        The Factors of Variants………………………………24
3.2        Approaches to Variants………………………………25
4   Acoustic Properties of Taiwan Mandarin………………26
4.1        Consonants……………………………………………26
4.2        Single Vowels………………………………………...27
4.3        Speaking Rates in Acoustic Analysis………………...30
5   Perceptual Cues…………………………………………… .32
5.1        Segmentals……………………………………………32
5.2        Tones………………………………………………….33
5.3        Acoustic Cues in Speech Perception…………………35
5.4        Effects of Context…………………………………….35
5.5        Native-Speaker Intuitions in Perception……………...37
5.6        Cues for Interlanguage Perception……………………37
  Research Methodology………………………………………..39
1  Approaches Employed to Conduct Experiments……………39
2  Purpose of Perceptual Tests………………………………40
3  Subjects……………………………………………………...41
4  Instruments…………………………………………………..43
5  Materials……………………………………………………..44
5.1        Materials for Perceptual Test I……………………….44
5.2        Materials for Perceptual Test II………………………46
6    Procedure…………………………………………………..47
  Mandarin Teachers' Perception of Taiwan Mandarin……50
1  Quantitative Analysis……………………………………..50
2  Qualitative Analysis…………………………………………52
2.1        Type I: Candidate Chen's Mandarin Pronunciation….52
2.2        Type II: Candidate Soong's Mandarin Pronunciaiton..79
2.3        Type III: Candidate Lien's Mandarin Pronunciation…97
3    Discussion……………………………………………….…95
3.1        Perceptual Features of the Three Candidates' Mandarin……………………………..............................95
3.1.1      Type I: Mandarin Influenced by Taiwanese..…96
3.1.2      Type II: Mandarin Employed by Those Whose Mother Tongue is not Taiwanese……………103
3.1.3      Type III: Mandarin Employed by Bilingual Speakers of Mandarin and Taiwanese……….106
3.2        Comparison of the Candidates' Deviant Pronunciation
………………………………………………………107
3.2.1      Perceptual Transcription……………………..107
3.2.2      Phonological Rules of the Variants………….110
3.3        Variation of Subjects………………………………..114
3.4        Notation of the Mandarin Teachers…………………115
  Native TM Speakers and Americans' Perception of Taiwan Mandarin……………………………………………………….118
1  Phrases Transcription by the native TM speakers…118
2  Phrase Transcription by the American Subjects………127
3  Sentence Transcription by the Native TM Speakers…145
4  The Difference Between Native and American Subjects153
5  The Difference Between Native TM Speakers and Mandarin Teachers……………………………………………………160
  Acoustic Analyses of Phonetic Features in Taiwan Mandarin...171
1  Previous Acoustic Analyses of Mandarin Features……171
2   Purpose of Acoustic Analyses……………………………171
3  Instruments…………………………………………………172
4  Materials……………………………………………………172
5  Procedure..………………………………………………….174
6  Results………………………………………….……….….175
6.1        Retroflex consonants of the three candidates……….175
6.2        Velar Nasal-Ending Rime [KN] of the three candidates
………………………………………………………190
6.3        Retroflex Vowel [_] of the Three Candidates……...196
6.4        Candidate Chen's Variants……….…………………198
6.4.1      Chen's Aspirated Consonants……………….198
6.4.2      Chen's Bilabial and Alveolar Nasals...………202
6.4.3      Chen's Labiodental and Velar Fricative..……205
6.4.4      Chen's Palato-alveolar Affricates…………...207
6.4.5      Chen's Palato-alveolar Fricative….…………211
6.4.6      Chen's Vowels at the Syllable Medial Position
……………………………………………….213
6.4.7      Chen's Insertion of the Vowel [u] at the Syllable Medial Position….…………………………..216
6.4.8      Chen's Vowel at the Syllable Rime Position..218
6.5        Soong's Nasal Initial Variants………………………225
6.6        Lien's Tone Variants………………………………..227
6.7        Rate of Speech of the Three Candidates…………….234
6.8        Contrastive Analysis of the Candidates' Identical Phrases………………………………………………235
6.9        Acoustic Data of Material Set B…………………….239
6.10        Tone Scale of the Three Candidates………………..248
  Conclusion…………………………………………………….251
REFERENCES……………………………………………………..255
APPENDIX………………………………………………………...259
                                

References
Ball, Martin J. & Joan Rahilly. 1999. Phonetics: The Science of Speech. Great Britain: Arnold Publishers.
Beijing University, Chinese Department. 1995. HANYU FANGYIN ZIHUI.[Chinese Dialectal Lexicon]. Second edition. Beijing: Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe [Character Revolution Publishers].
Borden, Gloria J. , Katherine S. Harris ＆ Lawrence J. Raphael. 1994. Speech Science Primer. Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception of Speech.
Third Edition. Baltimore: Williams ＆ Wilkins.
Chang, Yueh-chin. 1998. Taiwan Mandarin Vowels: An Acoustic Investigation. The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, New Series Vol. 28, No.3: 255-274.
Chao, Yuen-Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chen. Chung-Yu. 1991. Sh5ngdi4o de Zhu3nbi4n y& Ku$s4n[The Shift and Diffusion of the Tones]: The sampling of different generations in Taipei. Journal of the Chinese Teachers Association, Vol. 24, No.1: 69-99.
Cheng, Chin-Chuan. 1973. A Synchronic Phonology of Mandarin Chinese. Mouton ＆ Co. N. V., Publishers, The Hague.
Cheng, Robert L.. 1987. Analysis and Study of Taiwanese Readings for Mandarin Speakers. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd..
Crystal, David. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University Press.
Dow, Francis D. M. 1972. An Outline of Mandarin Phonetics. Oriental Monograph Series No. 10. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
Feng, Yi-chen. 1997 "What are tones really like?--An acoustic-based study
of Taiwan Mandarin Tones". M.A. thesis, National Taiwan University.
Fromkin, Victoria ＆ Robert Rodman. 1974. An Introduction to Language. Fifth edition. Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
Gandour, Jackson T.. 1978. The Perception of Tone. Tone: A Linguistic Survey. New York: Academic Press, Inc..
Gussenhoven, Carlos & Haike Jacobs. 1998. Understanding Phonology. Great Britain: Arnold. Co-published in USA by Oxford University Press, Inc..
Huang, Shuanfan. 1993. T2iw1n Sh8hu= Y&y2nxu6 de J- ge Y=t0 [Several Topics on the Taiwan Sociolinguistics]. The Volume of the First International Symposium of Taiwan Linguistics, Vol. 4: pp01-20. Taipei: Crane Publisher Co., Ltd.
Kubler, Cornelius C.. 1985. The Development of Mandarin in Taiwan: A Case Study of Language Contact. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.
Li, Wen-Chao. 1999. A Diachronically-Motivated Segmental Phonology of Mandarin Chinese. Berkely Insights in Linguistics＆Semiotics 37. New York: Peter Lang.
Lin, Mao-can＆Zong-ji Wu et al.. 1989. Sh0y4n Y&y9nxu6 G4iy4o [The Summary of Acoustic Phonetics]. Beijing: G1od7ng Education Publishers (高等教育出版社).
Lin, Tao＆Li-jia Wang.1995. Y& Y9n Xu6 Ji4o Ch6ng[A course in Phonetics]. Taipei: Wu-Nan Publishers Inc.
Lo, Chao-chin. 1990. Y&y2n y& w6nhu4[Languages and Culture]. Taipei: Chinese Journal Publishers(國文天地雜誌社).
McQueen, James M ＆ Anne Cutler. 1997. Cognitive Processes in Speech Perception. In Hardcastle, William J.＆John Laver. (ed.) 1997. The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Milroy, James. 1992. Linguistic Variation ＆ Change. Language in Society 19. Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Norman, Jerry. 1988. Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ohala, John J.. 1980. Speech Pathology. Speech and Language: Advances in Basic Research and Practice, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. Inc..
Ohala, John J.. 1989. Sound change is drawn from a pool of synchronic variation. In Breivik ＆ Jahr (ed.) 1989, Language Change: Contributions to the study of its change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Pisoni, D. B. & P. A. Luce (1987), Trading Relations, Acoustic Cue Integration, and Context Effects in Speech Perception, The
Psychophysics of Speech Perception, pp161-162.
Tsao, Feng-Fu. 2000. Taiwanized Japanese and Taiwan Mandarin—Two Case Studies of Language Contact during the Past Hundred Years in Taiwan. Chinese Studies, BIBLID 0254-4466 (2000) 18: T8k1n [A Special Edition—New Directions in Taiwan Linguistics], pp273-297.
Tse, J. K-P. 1998. T2iw1n D=q% Ni2nq9ngr6nㄓㄔㄕY& ㄗㄘㄙZh5nde B* F5n Ma？[Is There No Distinction between [tG, tG‘, G] and [ts, ts‘, s] in the Young Generation in Taiwan?]. Hu2w6n Sh=ji8 [The World of Mandarin], Vol. 90: 1-7.
Tse, J. K-P. 1999. The Perceptual Saliency of Palatality, Dentality, and Retroflexion in Mandarin Consonants: An Experimental Study. National Taiwan Normal University: Loose-leaf materials issued to students.
Tseng, Chin-Chin. 1991. Interlanguage Phonology and its Implications for Perception, Production, and Phonological Theory. Offprint from Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 23: 129-155. Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Tseng, Chin-Chin. 1999. A contrastive analysis on the pronunciation between Mainland China and Taiwan: A case study of news reporters. NSC Project: No 88-2411-H-003-017. Taipei: National Science Committee.
Tseng, Chiu-Yu. 1981. " An Acoustic Phonetic Study on Tones in Mandarin Chinese" Ph. D. diss., Brown University.
Zhao, jing-ming ＆Zi-Min Men. 1997. Y&y9n Y2nji* Y& Du=w4I H4ny& Ji1oxu6 [The research on Phonetics and teaching Chinese as a second language]. Beijing: Beijing Linguistics and Culture University Publishers.

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文