工作投入攸關工作滿意度與績效，但許多產業及工作須仰賴員工輪班工作以維持正常運作，而影響了員工工作－家庭衝突和工作投入等。角色理論認為員工工作與家庭角色所產生的工作－家庭衝突可能是工作投入的預測因子，且員工輪班制度可能在工作－家庭衝突與工作投入之間有調節效果。本研究目的在瞭解員工工作－家庭衝突與工作投入的關係，以及輪班制度、員工內外控人格及知覺心理契約違反在前述關係中的調節效果。本研究採問卷調查法，以運輸業T管理局員工為研究對象，回收216份有效問卷後進行分析與驗證，結果如下：（1）工作－家庭衝突可正向預測工作投入；（2）外控人格傾向可負向預測工作投入；（3）知覺心理契約違反在工作－家庭衝突與工作投入間不具有調節效果；（4）輪班員工較非輪班員工有較高的工作－家庭衝突，並可強化工作－家庭衝突對工作投入的正向預測。

Job involvement is in connection with job satisfaction and performance. However, many industries rely on employee shift-work system to operate their own business and so that the system affects employees’ work-family conflict as well as job involvement. According to role theory, the work-family conflict resulting from employee’s work and family roles could be a predictor of job involvement and the shift-work system could moderate the relationship between work-family conflict and job involvement. This study aimed to explore employee the relationship between work-family conflict and job involvement, as well the moderating effects of shift-work system, employee’s locus of control and perceived psychological contract violation on the above relationship. This study used questionnaire survey to collect necessary data from the employees in a transportation authority T and obtained 216 valid questionnaires. Consequently, the results of this study are as follows: (1) Work-family conflict can positively predict job involvement; (2) External control can positively predict job involvement; (3) Perceived psychological contract violation does not moderate the relationship between work-family conflict and job involvement; (4) Shift workers have higher work-family conflict than non-shift workers and shift-work system can strengthen the power of work-family conflict to predict job involvement.

一、中文部分
王玉珍（2014）。雙生涯成人工作家庭角色衝突與優勢經驗之探究。中華輔導與諮商學報，39，151-181。
毛義方、徐雅媛（2013）。勞動疲勞測定方法技術與職場疲勞管理指引修正研究。新北市：勞工安全衛生研究所。
江浩弘（1996）。企業提供支持家庭之工作環境對工作-家庭衝突與工作生活品質影響之研究。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。桃園縣：未出版。
行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所（2008）。輪班作業危害預防手冊。新北市：行政院勞委會勞工安全衛生研究所。
吳秉恩（1986）。組織行為學。臺北市: 華泰書局。
杜佩蘭、張肇松、黃英忠（2009）。Kanungo工作投入量表的重建與測量－以護理人員為樣本。中華心理衛生學刊，2(2)，139-159。
吳雅萍（2010）。輪班人員的情緒智力、工作家庭雙衝突與工作投入之研究－以知覺組織支持為調節變項。國立中正大學勞工關係研究所碩士論文。嘉義縣：未出版。
余朝權（2003）。組織行為學。臺北市：五南圖書。
余慧君（1999）。以性別角色態度、生活型態、工作投入之角度探討女性經理人工作與家庭之調適。國立中山大學人力資源管理學系研究所碩士論文。高雄市：未出版。
林鉦棽、賴鳳儀、黃紹慶、潘蕙韶、鍾潤富（2011）。組織公民行為與工作－家庭衝突之關聯分析：好士兵症候群？管理學報，28(1)，31-47。
林靜祥（2012）。內外控性格在辱罵管理與工作行為的調節分析。屏東科技大學企業管理學系研究所碩士論文。屏東縣：未出版。
范淑婷、胡佩怡、于俊傑（2009）。員工協助方案專業核心職能及其路徑圖內涵之探討。勞工安全衛生研究季刊，17(4)，455-466。
陳文良、王怡涵、邱雅萍（2013）。台灣工作家庭衝突研究之回顧與展望。人力資源學報，13(4)，79-106。
張火燦、劉嘉雯、楊輝南（2010）。心理契約對工作生活平衡的影響：社會支持與情緒智力的干擾角色。人力資源管理學報，10(3)，1-24。
陳光榮、許靜宜（1997）。不同的輪班系統對工作者生理健康、社交及家庭生活、工作態度影響。人力資源學報，8，71-96。
陸洛、黃茂丁、高旭繁（2005）。工作與家庭的雙向衝突：前因,後果及調節變項之探討。應用心理研究，27，133-166。
陳春萬、張振平（2005）。台灣地區勞工輪班情形介紹。勞工安全衛生簡訊，69，16-17。
張春興（1986）。心理學。臺北市：東華書局。
張家禎、王興耀、劉宏文（1993）。輪班制度對工作人員睡眠品質、睡眠時間、心理及家庭功能之影響。高雄醫學科學雜誌，410-417。
陳惠芳（2008）。在組織變革環境下賦權對組織承諾之影響研究－檢視內外控傾向與知覺心理契約違反之干擾效果。臺大管理論叢，18(2)，1-26。
陳淑貞（2012）。心理契約實現知覺與回任人員組織承諾、離職意圖關係之研究：以組織信任為中介變數。人力資源管理學報，12(3)，1-22。
陳淑貞、王中元、蔡麗真（2009）。中小企業從業人員工作與家庭的雙向衝突－主管支持、同事支持、配偶支持、重要親友支持之調節效果。人力資源管理學報，9(4)，43-64。
許森彥、蘇世斌（2003）。夜班及輪班工作者的健康問題。中華職業醫學雜誌，10(2)，71 - 80。
許建盛（1996）。我國企業輪班工時制度之研究。國立政治大學勞工研究所碩士論文。臺北市：未出版。
黃煥榮（2009）。運用友善家庭政策平衡工作與家庭－制度與經驗的探討。人事月刊，48(1)，2-18。
傅啓榮（2007）。Psychological contract violations and employees' work behavior reactions: The moderating effect of job opportunities. 運籌與管理學刊，6(2)，57-78。
萬榮水（2002）。公務人員期望「跨組織發展」生涯之勞雇心理契約意涵。研習論壇，19，29-34。
劉念琪，王志袁，劉雯中（2010）。工作與家庭措施之使用度、知覺組織支持與員工工作態度關聯性之探討。組織與管理，3(1)，1-26。
鄭勝分（2001）。失落的連結－公部門績效評估與激勵制度之研究。研考雙月刊，25(5)，86-97。
鄭伯壎、林姿葶（2011）。管理學大師中的大師：理論建構之旅。臺北市：五南書局。
鍾燕宜、陳景元、林瑞卿（2008）。志願工作者心理契約違反對工作滿意及離職意向之研究－以義務「張老師」為例。人力資源管理學報，8(2)，64-86。
羅世輝、湯雅云（2003）。內外控人格特質與授權賦能認知對工作滿足之影響－以金融保險業為例。人力資源管理學報，3(1)，1-19。
蘇雅君（2006）。人格特質、工作－家庭衝突認知與工作滿足關係之研究－以電腦業人員為例。長榮大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。臺南市：未出版。
 
二、外文部分
Akerstedt, T. (2003). Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Occupational Medicine, 53(2), 89-94.
Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E. L., Bruck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 278-308.
Argyris, C. (1960). Understanding organizational behavior. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
Benjamin G. A. (1984). Shift workers: Improve the quality of life for employees who aren’t on the 9-to-5 routine. Personnel Journal, 63(6), 72-76.
Biddle, B. (1979). Role theory: Expectations, identities, and behaviors.　New York, NY: Academic Press.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: J. Wiley.
Brown, S. P. (1996). A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 120(2), 235-255.
Brown, H. J., & Jewell, L. N. (1979). Sex, locus of control, and job involvement: A six-country investigation. Academy of Management Journal, 22(1), 72-88.
Bruck, C. S., & Allen, T. D. (2003). The relationship between big five personality traits, negative affectivity, type A behavior, and work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 457-472.
Cappelli, P. (2000). Examining the incidence of downsizing and its effect on establishment performance. Washington DC: National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Papers 7742.
Castro, S. L., Douglas, C., Hochwarter, W. A., Ferris, G. R., & Frink, D. D. (2003). The effects–of positive affect and gender on the Influence tactics-job performance relationship. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10(1), 1-18.
Costa, G. (1999). Fatigue and Biological Rhythms. In Garland, D. J., Wise, J. A., and Hopkin, V. D (Eds.). Handbook of Aviation Human Factors, vol. 11 (pp. 785-799). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Costa, G. (2003). Shift work and occupational medicine: An overview. Occupational Medicine, 53(2), 83-88.
Coyle‐Shapiro, J., & Kessler, I. (2000). Consequences of the psychological contract for the employment relationship: A large scale survey. Journal of Management Studies, 37(7), 903-930.
Coyle‐Shapiro, J. (2002). A psychological contract perspective on organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(8), 927-946.
Folkard, S., & Monk, T. H. (1992). Making shiftwork tolerable. Taylor & Francis, London: CRC Press.
Frone, M. R.(2003). Work–family balance. In J.C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.). Handbook of occupational health psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 13-162.
 
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65-78.
Ghiselli, R., La Lopa, J., & Bai, B. (2001). Job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and turnover intent among food–service managers. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(2), 28-37.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
Guieford, J. P. (1965). Fundamental statistics in psychology and education (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGram-Hill.
Guilford, J. P. (1959). Creativity and its cultivation, addresses presented at the interdisciplinary symposia on creativity. Traits of Creativity, 142-161.
Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(4), 560-568.
Hall, D. T., & Richter, J. (1988). Balancing life and home life: What can organizations do to help. Academy of Management Executive,11, 213-223.
Hallen, L., Johanson, J., & Seyed-Mohamed, N. (1991). Interfirm adaptation in business relationships. The Journal of Marketing, 55, 29-37.
 
Hedges, J. N., & Sekscenski, E. S. (1979). Workers on late shifts in a changing economy. Monthly Lab Review, 102, 14-22.
Hill, D. B. (1981). Attitude generalization and the measurement of trust in American leadership. Political Behavior, 3(3), 257-270.
Homans, G. G. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. The American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
Jackson, C. L., Colquitt, J. A., Wesson, M. J., & Zapata-Phelan, C. P. (2006). Psychological collectivism: A measurement validation and linkage to group member performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 884-899.
Johnson, K. (1999). Shift work from a work and family perspective. Canada: Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, Hull, Quebec.
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits─Self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress. New York, NY: Wiley.
Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 341-349.
Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9, 131-146.
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. (1966). The social psychology of organizations. New York, NY: John Willey & Sons.
Kickul, J., & Lester, S. W. (2001). Broken promises: Equity sensitivity as a moderator between psychological contract breach and employee attitudes and behavior. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(2), 191-217.
King, J. E. (2000). White-collar reactions to job insecurity and the role of the psychological contract: Implications for human resource management. Human Resource Management, 39(1), 79-92.
Knauth, P. (1993). The design of shift systems. Ergonomics, 36, 15-28.
Lawler, E. E., & Hall, D. T. (1970). Relationship of job characteristics to job involvement, satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54(4), 305-312.
Lester, S. W., Turnley, W. H., Bloodgood, J. M., & Bolino, M. C. (2002). Not seeing eye to eye: Differences in supervisor and subordinate perceptions of and attributions for psychological contract breach. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(1), 39-56.
Levinson, H., Price, C. R., Munden, K. J., & Solley, C. M. (1962). Men, management and Mental Health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
Liou T.S., & Wang M. J. (1991). Rotating-shift system vs. fixed-shift system. Industrial Ergonomics, 7, 63-70.
Lo, S., & Aryee, S. (2003). Psychological contract breach in a Chinese context: An integrative approach. Journal of Management Studies, 40(4), 1005-1020.
Lodahl, T. M., & Kejener, M. (1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 49(1), 24-33.
Lu, J. F., Siu, O. L., Spector, P. E., & Shi. K. (2009). Antecedents and outcomes of a fourfold taxonomy of work-family balance in Chinese employed parents. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(2), 182-192.
Lu, L., Kao, S. F., Chang, T. T., Wu, H. P., & Cooper, C. L. (2008). Work/family demands, work flexibility, work/family conflict, and their consequences at work: A national probability sample in Taiwan. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(1), 1-21.
Martins, L. L., Eddleston, A. K., & Veiga, F. J. (2002). Moderators of the relationship between work-family conflict and career satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 45(2), 399-409.
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52.
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation ofwork-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410.
Moorhead, G. & Griffin, R. W. (1998). Organizational behavior: Managing people and organizations (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Münch, R. (1993). Sociological theory: From the 1850s to the present. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
 
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Osterman, P. (1995). Work / family programs and the employment relationship. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(4), 681-700.
Paullay, I. M. (1992). Clarification of the job involvement and work centrality constructs and their relationship to job burnout. Dissertation Abstracts International, 52(10), 55-65.
Paullay, I. M., Alliger, G. M., & Stone-Romero, E. F. (1994). Construct validation of two instruments designed to measure job involvement and work centrality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(2), 224-228.
Pleck, J. (1979). Work-family conflict: a national assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, Boston.
Raja, U., Jones, G., & Ntalianis, F. (2004). The impact of personality on psychological contracts. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 350-367.
Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4), 574-599.
Robinson, S. L., Kraatz, M. S., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Changing obligations and the psychological contract: A longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 137-152

Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational behavior (9th ed.). Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall.
Rabinowitz, S., & Hall, D. T. (1977). Organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 84(2), 265-288.
Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (2000). The development of psychological contract breach and violation: A longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(5), 525-546.
Rotter, J. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1), 1-28.
Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2, 121-139.
Schein, E. (1980). Organizational psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Shih, S. G. (1991). Case-based representation and adaptation in design. CAAD futures, 91, 301-312.
Spector, P. E. (1982). Behavior in organization as a function of employee’s locus of control. Psychological Bulletin, 91(3), 482-497.
Spector, P. E. (1988). Development of the work locus of control scale. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 61(4), 335-340.
 
Steers, R. M. (1991). Introduction to organizational behavior (4th ed.). Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Pub.
Stephens, G. K., & Sommer, S. M. (1996). The measurement of work to family conflict. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 475-486.
Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (1999). The impact of psychological contract violations on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect. Human Relations, 52, 895-922.
Welbourne, T. M., Johnson, D. E., & Erez, A., (1998). The role-based performance scale: Validity analysis of a theory-based measure, Academy of Management Journal, 41(5), 540-555.
White L., & Bruce K. (1990). The effect of shift work on the quality and stability of marital relations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 453-462.
Yang, N., Chen, C. C., Choi, J., & Zou, Y. (2000). Sources of work-family conflict: A Sino-U.S. comparison of the effects of work and family demands. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 113-123.