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研究生： 陳怡蓉
Yi-Rung Clara Chen
論文名稱： 詞義相關性在詞彙歧義理解上的效應: 以中文動詞為例
The Effect of Sense Relatedness on Lexical Ambiguity Resolution: Evidence from Chinese Verbs
指導教授： 林千哲
Lin, Chien-Jer
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年： 2009
畢業學年度： 97
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 215
中文關鍵詞： 心理語言學 、跨模式句子處理 、詞彙歧義理解 、同形異義 、一詞多義 、詞義相關性 、模組假設 、交互假設
英文關鍵詞： psycholinguistics, cross-modal sentence processing, lexical ambiguity resolution, homonymy, polysemy, sense relatedness, modular hypothesis, interactive hypothesis
論文種類： 學術論文
相關次數： 點閱：193  下載：26 
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    • 本論文以心理語言學的研究途徑，探討不同種類的詞彙歧義在語句理解中的處理過程。過去有關詞彙歧義理解的研究並無一致的發現：有些研究持模組觀點(modular)，認為不同語言層次是獨立運作的，句子語境在詞彙觸接初期並不會影響詞義激發(Ahrens, 1998, 2001; Onifer & Swinney, 1981; Swinney, 1979)；有些研究則支持交互觀點(interactive)，認為語境的效應會直接影響詞彙語意的提取(Li & Yip, 1996, 1998; Tabossi, Colombo, & Job, 1987; Tabossi & Zardon, 1993)。然而，過去文獻並未區分不同類型的歧義詞進行檢視，進而可能影響實驗結果。

    根據多重語意的相關性程度，詞彙歧義可分為同形異義(homonymy)與一詞多義(polysemy)。過去許多實證研究已發現兩者在認知處理過程與心理語意表徵的不同(Azuma & Van Orden, 1997; Frazier & Rayner, 1990; Klepousniotou, 2002)。因此本研究旨在以跨模式詞彙促發實驗(cross-modal lexical priming)，探討兩種不同的詞彙歧義，同形異義詞與多義詞，在語句理解中是否有不同模式的處理過程。

    實驗結果顯示，不同的詞彙歧義確實有不同的理解過程。同形異義詞在語句理解過程中只有與語境相符的意義被激發，而多義詞的所有詞義在初期都會被激發。因此，本研究建議過去研究的爭論可能受到不同詞彙歧義的影響，也表示詞義相關性的效應在詞彙歧義理解的研究是重要的。此外，本研究也指出不同類型歧義詞的處理過程之所以相異，歸因於他們詞義表徵的不同：同形異義詞的多重意義是分別且獨立儲存於心理詞彙，而多義詞的多重語意是儲存於單一核心意義的心理表徵之下。

    This thesis adopts a psycholinguistic approach to examine how different types of lexical ambiguity are resolved and processed during sentence comprehension. Previous findings on lexical ambiguity resolution were contradictory: some studies took a modular position, which suggested that different levels of processing system operate independently and thus contextual information from the discourse level would not immediately influence the access of a word’s meaning at the lexical level (e.g. Ahrens, 1998, 2001; Onifer & Swinney, 1981; Swinney, 1979); others took an interactive position, which argued that sentential context could have an immediate effect on lexical access (e.g. Li & Yip, 1996, 1998; Tabossi, Colombo, & Job, 1987; Tabossi & Zardon, 1993). However, it was observed that most research to date has not distinguished different types of ambiguity in their experiments, which may hence influence the results.

    Lexical ambiguity has been traditionally differentiated into homonymy and polysemy, with respect to the dimension of relatedness of its multiple meanings. A number of psycholinguistic studies concerning the semantics of ambiguous words did provide empirical evidence for the processing distinction between homonymy and polysemy, and some of the studies further pointed out their underlying differences on meaning representations in the mental lexicon (e.g. Azuma & Van Orden, 1997; Frazier & Rayner, 1990; Klepousniotou, 2002). The main purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to investigate whether two types of ambiguity, homonymy and polysemy, have different processing mechanisms during on-line sentence comprehension, by conducting a cross-modal lexical priming experiment.

    The results of the present study showed that homonymy and polysemy did perform distinct processing patterns on the resolution of lexical ambiguity. For a homonymous word, only the contextually appropriate meaning was accessed, whereas both meanings of a polysemous word were activated at an early stage of semantic access. Our findings suggest that inconsistent results in previous literature might be confounded by the relatedness of multiple meanings, and thus the effect of sense relatedness should not be overlooked in the issue of lexical ambiguity resolution. Furthermore, the distinct processing patterns between homonymy and polysemy could be explained in terms of their different lexical representations: while meanings of a homonymous word are stored distinctly and separately, multiple related meanings of a polysemous word are stored and listed under a single core sense.

    CHINESE ABSTRACT i ENGLISH ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES x CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1 CHAPTER TWO Issues in Lexical Ambiguity Resolution 9 2.1 Two Processing Hypotheses: Modularity versus Interaction 9 2.1.1 Modularity Hypothesis 10 2.1.2 Interaction Hypothesis 13 2.1.3 Modularity and Interaction Hypothesis in Lexical Ambiguity Resolution 15 2.2 Methodological Issues: Past and Present 23 CHAPTER THREE Homonymy and Polysemy 50 3.1 Defining Homonymy and Polysemy 50 3.2 Different Accounts for Polysemy Representation 53 3.2.1 Theoretical Accounts of Lexical Semantics 53 3.2.2 A Psycholinguistics Perspective: Processing Evidence 57 3.3 Interim Summary 67 3.4 Hypothesis of the Effect of Sense Relatedness in Lexical Ambiguity Resolution 69 CHAPTER FOUR Pretests on Ambiguous Words, Visual Targets and Sentential Contexts 72 4.1 Pretest One—Sense Ranking Task for Ambiguous Words 74 4.1.1 Subjects 74 4.1.2 Materials 74 4.1.3 Procedure 76 4.1.4 Results 77 4.2 Pretest Two—Sense Relatedness Rating Task for Ambiguous Words 78 4.2.1 Subjects 78 4.2.2 Materials 78 4.2.3 Procedure 79 4.2.4 Results 79 4.3 Pretest Three—Familiarity Rating Task for Ambiguous Words 80 4.3.1 Subjects 81 4.3.2 Materials 81 4.3.3 Procedure 82 4.3.4 Results 82 4.3.5 Verification of the Ambiguous Words 83 4.4 Pretest Four—Isolated Lexical Decision Task for Visual Targets 90 4.4.1 Subjects 91 4.4.2 Materials 91 4.4.3 Procedure 95 4.4.4 Results 96 4.5 Pretest Five—Association Rating Task for Primes and Targets 100 4.5.1 Subjects 100 4.5.2 Materials 101 4.5.3 Procedure 101 4.5.4 Results 102 4.5.5 Verification of the Visual Targets 103 4.6 Pretest Six—Sentence Completion Task for Sentential Materials 105 4.6.1 Subjects 105 4.6.2 Materials 105 4.6.3 Procedure 106 4.6.4 Results 106 CHAPTER FIVE On-line Cross-Modal Lexical Priming Experiment 109 5.1 Experimental Method 109 5.1.1 Subjects 109 5.1.2 Materials 110 5.1.3 Procedure 111 5.2 Results and Discussion 114 5.2.1 Activation of Word Meanings 114 5.2.2 Sense Relatedness and Processing (Dis)Advantage in Sentences 120 5.3 Post-test: Association Rating Task for Contextual Meanings 123 5.3.1 Subjects 123 5.3.2 Materials 124 5.3.3 Procedure 124 5.3.4 Results 125 CHAPTER SIX General Discussion 127 6.1 Effect of Sense Relatedness 127 6.2 Lexical Representations of Homonymy and Polysemy 134 CHAPTER SEVEN Conclusion and Future Research 143 7.1 Conclusion 143 7.2 Future Research 147 REFERENCES 150 APPENDIX 161 Appendix 1 Instructions for the Sense Ranking Task 161 Appendix 2 Survey for Subjects’ Linguistic Background Information 163 Appendix 3 Sample of the Sense Ranking Task 165 Appendix 4 The Primary/Secondary meanings of the 61 Words Selected from Sense Ranking Task 167 Appendix 5 Instructions for the Sense Relatedness Rating Task 171 Appendix 6 Sample of the Sense Relatedness Rating Task 173 Appendix 7 The 21 Homonymous Words and 24 Polysemous Words Selected from Sense Relatedness Rating Task 174 Appendix 8 Instructions for the Familiarity Rating Task 175 Appendix 9 Sample of the Experiential Familiarity Rating Task 177 Appendix 10 The Familiarity Rating for the Ambiguous Words and Rare Words 178 Appendix 11 The Selected 48 Prime Words for Experimental items 178 Appendix 12 Words and Non-words in Isolated Lexical Decision Task 181 Appendix 13 Instructions for Isolated Lexical Decision Task 184 Appendix 14 Instructions for the Prime-target Association Rating Task 186 Appendix 15 Sample of the Prime-target Association Rating Task 188 Appendix 16 Selected Visual Targets for Experimental Prime Words 189 Appendix 17 Associated Word Neighbors for the Visual Targets 196 Appendix 18 Instructions for the Sentence Completion Task 198 Appendix 19 Sample of the Sentence Completion Task 200 Appendix 20 Sentential Materials for Experimental Prime Words 201 Appendix 21 Instructions for Cross-Modal Lexical Decision Task 208 Appendix 22 Instructions for the Association Rating Task for Contextual Meanings 210 Appendix 23 Sample of the Association Rating Task for Contextual Meanings 212 Appendix 24 Materials of Previous Cross-Modal Lexical Decision Tasks 213

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