前言：脂肪激素在人體健康上扮演重要角色，因而受到重視。過去研究已探討阻力訓練與有氧運動對脂肪激素的影響，但將訓練量加以定量的研究極少，且造成二種運動模式有所差異的相關生理機轉亦尚未明朗。目的：探討不同訓練量的阻力訓練與有氧運動對身體組成和脂肪激素的影響。方法：53名沒有運動習慣的中年肥胖男性 (30-44歲) 配對後隨機分成5組，分別為高阻力組 (HRT)、低阻力組 (LRT)、高有氧組 (HAE)、低有氧組 (LAE) 與控制組 (CON)，以WER法定量不同運動模式的訓練後，分別以不同的訓練量進行阻力訓練或有氧運動，訓練期8週，每週3次；控制組維持日常生活即可。阻力訓練包含胸部水平推舉、捲腹、腿部推舉與肱二頭肌彎舉等4個動作，有氧運動則以跑步進行。每4週檢測身體組成與採集血液。分析指標為身體組成（體重、BMI、腰臀圍、肌肉量、脂肪量、體脂率、去脂體重、肌肉脂肪比）、脂肪激素（脂締素、瘦體素與C反應蛋白）、冠心病相關因子（總膽固醇、三酸甘油脂、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇）與肌肉合成激素（生長激素、1型類胰島素生長因子、睪固酮、胰島素）。統計方法以混合設計二因子變異數分析和LSD法進行訓練時間與運動模式的考驗，顯著水準訂為 p <.05。結果：身體組成方面，HAE、LAE的體重顯著下降，且HAE的改變量顯著高於CON；LRT、HAE、LAE的BMI顯著下降。所有運動組的腰圍、臀圍皆顯著下降，且改變量都顯著高於CON。LRT、HAE的體脂率、脂肪量顯著下降，肌肉脂肪比則顯著上升，且兩組的改變量均顯著高於CON。HAE、LAE的組織量顯著下降，且HAE的改變量顯著高於CON。肌肉量、去脂體重與骨礦含量沒有變化。脂肪激素方面，HRT的脂締素濃度在四週和八週後顯著下降。LRT與HAE訓練後的瘦體素濃度明顯下降，且HAE對瘦體素濃度的改善較佳，C反應蛋白則沒有變化。冠心病因子和肌肉合成激素不受訓練時間和運動模式的影響。結論：中年肥胖男性在八週訓練後，有氧運動和阻力訓練均有改善身體組成的效果，其中以高訓練量的有氧運動效果為最佳。同樣的，高訓練量的有氧運動對瘦體素的改善亦最大，可以作為設計運動處方的考量，而高訓練量的阻力運動可能導致脂締素濃度下降，坐式生活者進行阻力訓練應以低訓練量為適宜。
關鍵詞：脂肪組織、阻力訓練、有氧運動、訓練量

Introduction: Adipokines got attention because it play an important role in human health. Past research has explored the impacts of resistance training (RT) and aerobic exercise (AE) on adipokine. However, quantitative research for the training volume of these two training types is limited. Also, mechanisms of training-induced physiological adaptation between RT and AE are not yet clear. Purpose: To examine the effects of different RT and AE training volumes on body composition and adipokines. Methods: Fifty-three (53) middle-aged obese men (30-44 yr) were paired and randomly assigned into 5 groups, including HRT, LRT, HAE, LAE and CON. The Work Endurance Recovery (WER) method was used to quantify exercise volume for different modes of exercise training. The subjects were trained by RT or AE with high and low training volume respectively for eight weeks, three times per week. The subjects in the CON group were asked to maintain sedentary lifestyle. The RT training movements included chest press, arm curl, leg press and abdominal curl. For the AE training group, subjects were trained by jogging. Blood samples and body composition data were collected every four weeks for subsequent analysis. The analysis included adipokines, body composition, coronary heart disease factors and muscle synthesis hormones. A mixed design two way ANOVA with LSD post hoc test were used to compare the differences with training time points and exercise types. The significant level was set at p <.05. Results: On body composition, body weight of HAE and LAE decreased significantly, and the percentage difference of HAE was significantly higher than that of CON. BMI of LRT, HAE and LAE decreased significantly. The waist and hip circumferences of all exercise groups decreased significantly, and the percentage difference was significantly higher than CON. Body fat percentage and fat mass of LRT and HAE decreased significantly, and muscle-fat mass ratio increased significantly, and the percentage differences in both groups were significantly higher than CON. The tissue mass of HAE and LAE decreased significantly, and the percentage difference of HAE was significantly higher than CON. There was no change in muscle mass, fat-free weight and bone mineral content. In terms of adipokine, the concentration of adiponectin in HRT decreased significantly after four and eight weeks of training. The concentration of leptin in LRT and HAE decreased significantly after training, and the percentage difference of leptin in HAE was favorably better than that of LRT. C-reactive protein did not change. Coronary heart disease factors and muscle synthetic hormones were not affected by either different training durations or exercise types. Conclusions: Following eight weeks of training, middle-aged obese men have significant improvements on body composition in both aerobic exercise and resistance training groups. Specifically, high training volume aerobic exercise can bring more beneficial impacts than the other training modes. As to blood adipokines, high training volume aerobic exercise had the greatest improvement in leptin, which can be considered as exercise prescriptions. The high training volume resistance exercise induced a decreased in blood adiponectin. Therefore, resistance training with low training volume could be an ideal exercise model for sedentary obese population.
Key words: adipose tissue, resistance training, aerobic exercise, training volume

行政院衛生署 (2013)。民國101年死因統計年報，取自行站院衛生署網址http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/index_populace.aspx
謝伸裕 (總編譯) (2010)。運動解剖學。新北市：易利圖書。(Behnke, R. S., 2000)
謝伸裕 (2011)。規律性阻力運動對坐式生活者脂肪激素的影響。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫。
Aadahl, M., Kjaer, M., & Jørgensen, T. (2007). Associations between overall physical activity level and cardiovascular risk factors in an adult population. European Journal of Epidemiology, 22(6), 369-378.
Ahmadizad, S., Haghighi, A. H., Hamedinia, M. R. (2007). Effects of resistance versus endurance training on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance index. European Journal of Endocrinology, 157(5), 625-631.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2006). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (7th ed). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2011). ACSM’s foundations of strength training and conditioning. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Antonio, J., & Gonyea, W. J. (1994). Muscle fiber splitting in stretch-enlarged avian muscle. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 26(8), 973-977.
Ara, I., Perez-Gomez, J., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Chavarren, J., Dorado, C., & Calbet, J. A. (2006). Serum free testosterone, leptin and soluble leptin receptor changes in a 6-week strength-training programme. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(6), 1053-1059.
Aragon, A. A., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2013). Nutrient timing revisited: is there a post-exercise anabolic window? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 5.
Baechle, T. R., & Earle, R. W. (2000). Essentials of strength training and conditioning (2nd ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Balagopal, P., George, D., Yarandi, H., Funanage, V., & Bayne, E. (2005). Reversal of obesity-related hypoadiponectinemia by lifestyle intervention: A controlled, randomized study in obese adolescents. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90(11), 6192-6197.
Beltowski, J. (2006). Leptin and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 189(1), 47-60.
Blüher, M., Bullen, J. W., Lee, J. H., Kralisch, S., Fasshauer, M., Klöting, F., & et al. (2006). Circulating adiponectin and expression of adiponectin receptors in human skeletal muscle: Associations with metabolic parameters and insulin resistance and regulation by physical training. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(6), 2310-2316.
Brooks, N., Layne, J. E., Gordon, P. L., Roubenoff, R., Nelson, M. E., & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2006). Strength training improves muscle quality and insulin sensitivity in Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 4(1), 19-27.
Bruun, J. M., Helge, J. W., Richelsen, B., & Stallknecht, B. (2006). Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. American Journal of Physiology, 290, 961-967.
Campfield, L. A., Smith, F. J., Guisez, Y., Devos, R., & Burn, P. (1995). Recombinant mouse OB protein: Evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science, 269(5223), 546-549.
Cavagnolli, D. A., Esteves, A. M., Ackel-D'Elia, C., Maeda, M. Y., de Faria, A. P., Tufik, S., & et al. (2012). Aerobic exercise does not change C-reactive protein levels in non-obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(Suppl 1), 142-147. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.663412.
Chen, H. C., & Hsieh, S. S. (2013). The effects of regular resistance exercise on adipokine in sedentary individuals. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(5, Suppl.), S496. Indianapolis, Indiana: 60th ACSM Annual Meeting and 4th World Congress on Exercise is Medicine.
Cinti, S. (2007). The adipose organ. In G. Fantuzzi, & T. Mazzone (Eds.), Adipose tissue and adipokines in health and disease (pp. 3-5). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Cohen, J. C., Noakes, T. D., & Benade, A. J. (1988). Postprandial lipemia and chylomicron clearance in athletes and in sedentary men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49(3), 443-447.
da Luz, P. L., Favarato, D., Faria-Neto, J. R. Jr., Lemos, P., & Chagas, A. C. (2008). High ratio of triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol predicts extensive coronary disease. Clinics, 63(4), 427-432.
Derby, C. A., Zilber, S., Brambilla, D., Morales, K. H., & McKinlay, J. B. (2006). Body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and change in sex steroid hormones: The Massachusetts Male Ageing Study. Clinical Endocrinology, 65(1), 125-131.
Deschenes, M. R., & Kraemer, W. J. (2002). Performance and physiologic adaptations to resistance training. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81(11 Suppl), S3-16.
Desgorces, F. D., Sénégas, X., Garcia, J., Decker, L., & Noirez, P. (2007). Methods to quantify intermittent exercises. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 32(4), 762-769.
Dolezal, B. A., & Potteiger, J. A. (1998). Concurrent resistance and endurance training influence basal metabolic rate in nondieting individuals. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(2), 695-700.
Donges, C. E., Duffield, R., & Drinkwater, E. J. (2010). Effects of resistance or aerobic exercise training on interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and body composition. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(2), 304-313.
Duclos, M., Corcuff, J. B., Ruffie, A., Roger, P., & Manier, G. (1999). Rapid leptin decrease in immediate post-exercise recovery. Clinical Endocrinology, 50(3), 337-342.
Duncan, G. E., Perri, M. G., Anton, S. D., Limacher, M. C., Martin, A. D., Lowenthal, D. T., & et al. (2004). Effects of exercise on emerging and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Preventive Medicine, 39(5), 894-902.
Dvorakova-Lorenzova, A., Suchanek, P., Havel, P. J., Stavek, P., Karasova, L., Valenta, Z., & et al. (2006). The decrease in C-reactive protein concentration after diet and physical activity induced weight reduction is associated with changes in plasma lipids, but not interleukin-6 or adiponectin. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, 55(3), 359-365.
Eckel, R. H., & Krauss, R. M. (1998). American Heart Association call to action: Obesity as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Circulation, 97(21), 2099-2100.
Elias, A. N., Pandian, M. R., Wang, L., Suarez, E., James, N., & Wilson, A. F. (2000). Leptin and IGF-I levels in unconditioned male volunteers after short-term exercise. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25(5), 453-461.
Fatouros, I. G., Tournis, S., Leontsini, D., Jamurtas, A. Z., Sxina, M., Thomakos, P., & et al. (2005). Leptin and adiponectin responses in overweight inactive elderly following resistance training and detraining are intensity related. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90(11), 5970-5977.
Ferguson, M. A., White, L. J., McCoy, S., Kim, H. W., Petty, T., & Wilsey, J. (2004). Plasma adiponectin response to acute exercise in healthy subjects. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(2-3), 324-329.
Fleck, S. J. (1988). Cardiovascular adaptations to resistance training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 20, S146-51.
Fontana, L., Eagon, J. C., Trujillo, M. E., Scherer, P. E., & Klein, S. (2007). Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes, 56(4), 1010-1013.
Frøsig, C., Rose, A. J., Treebak, J. T., Kiens, B., Richter, E. A., & Wojtaszewski, J. F. (2007). Effects of endurance exercise training on insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle: interactions at the level of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and AS160. Diabetes, 56(8), 2093-2102.
Fruhbeck, G. (2007). Vasoactive factors and inflammatory mediators produced in adipose tissue. In G. Fantuzzi, & T. Mazzone (Eds.), Adipose tissue and adipokines in health and disease (pp. 63-65). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Fui, M. N., Dupuis, P., & Grossmann, M. (2014). Lowered testosterone in male obesity: mechanisms, morbidity and management. Asian Journal of Andrology, 16(2), 223-231.
Ghafourian, M., Ashtary-Larky, D., Chinipardaz, R., Eskandary, N., & Mehavaran, M. (2016). Inflammatory Biomarkers' response to two different intensities of a single bout exercise among soccer players. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(2), e21498. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.21498.
Giannopoulou, I., Fernhall, B., Carhart, R., Weinstock, R. S., Baynard, T., Figueroa, A., & et al. (2005). Effects of diet and/or exercise on the adipocytokine and inflammatory cytokine levels of postmenopausal women with Type 2 diabetes. Metabolism, 54(7), 866-875.
Goldberg, A. P. (1989). Aerobic and resistive exercise modify risk factors for coronary heart disease. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 21, 669-674.
Guadalupe-Grau, A., Perez-Gomez, J., Olmedillas, H., Chavarren, J., Dorado, C., Santana, A., & et al. (2009). Strength training combined with plyometric jumps in adults: Sex differences in fat-bone axis adaptations. Journal of Applied Physiology, 106(4), 1100-1111.
Halberg, N., Wernstedt-Asterholm, I., & Scherer, P. E. (2008). The adipocyte as an endocrine cell. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinic of North America, 37(3), 753-768.
Hammett, C. J., Oxenham, H. C., Baldi, J. C., Doughty, R. N., Ameratunga, R., French, J. K., & et al. (2004). Effect of six months’ exercise training on C-reactive protein levels in healthy elderly subjects. Journal of American College of Cardiology, 44(12), 2411-2413.
Han, S. H., Quon, M. J., Kim, J. A., & Koh, K. K. (2007). Adiponectin and cardiovascular disease: response to therapeutic interventions. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 49(5), 531-538.
Hansen, S., Kvorning, T., Kjaer, M., & Sjogaard, G. (2001). The effect of short-term strength training on human skeletal muscle: The importance of physiologically elevated hormone levels. Scandinavian Journal of Medical Science Sports, 11(6), 347-354.
Hickey, M. S., Houmard, J. A., Considine, R. V., Tyndall, G. L., Midgette, J. B., Gavigan, K. E., & et al. (1997). Gender-dependent effects of exercise training on serum leptin levels in humans. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 272, E562-566.
Houmard, J. A., Cox, J. H., Maclean, P. S., & Barakat, H. A. (2000). Effect of short-term exercise training on leptin and insulin action. Metabolism, 49, 858–861.
Hunter, G. R., Wetzstein, C. J., Fields, D. A., Brown, A., & Bamman, M. M. (2000). Resistance training increases total energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in older adults. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(3), 977-984.
Jamurtas, A. Z., Theocharis, V., Koukoulis, G., Stakias, N., Fatouros, I. G., Kouretas, D., & et al. (2006). The effects of acute exercise on serum adiponectin and resistin levels and their relation to insulin sensitivity in overweight males. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(1), 122-126.
Jürimäe, J., Purge, P., & Jürimäe, T. (2004). Adiponectin is altered after maximal exercise in highly trained male rowers. European Journal of Endocrinology, 93(4), 502-505.
Jurva, J. W., Phillips, S. A., Syed, A. Q., Syed, A. Y., Pitt, S., Weaver, A., & Gutterman, D. D. (2006). The effect of exertional hypertension evoked by weight lifting on vascular endothelial function. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 48(3), 588-589.
Kanaley, J. A., Fenicchia, L. M., Miller, C. S., Ploutz-Synder, L. L., Weinstock, R. S., Carhart, R., & et al. (2001). Resting leptin responses to acute and chronic resistance training in Type 2 diabetic males and females. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 25, 1474-1480.
Kanaley, J. A., Weatherup-Dentes, M. M., Jaynes, E. B., & Hartman, M. L. (1999). Obesity attenuates the growth hormone response to exercise. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84(9), 3156-3161.
Kaplanski, G., Marin, V., Montero-Julian, F., Mantovani, A., & Farnarier, C. (2003). IL-6: A regulator of the transition from neutrophil to monocyte recruitment during inflammation. Trends in Immunology, 24(1), 25-29.
Klimcakova, E., Polak, J., Moro, C., Hejnova, J., Majercik, M., Viguerie, N., & et al. (2006). Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity without altering plasma levels and gene expression of adipokines in subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91(12), 5107-5112.
Kobayashi, H., Ouchi, N., Kihara, S., Walsh, K., Kumada, M., Abe, Y., & et al. (2004). Selective suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by the high molecular weight form of adiponectin. Circulation Research. 94(4), e27-31.
Kondo, T., Kobayashi, I., & Murakami, M. (2006). Effect of exercise on circulating adipokine levels in obese young women. Endocrine Journal, 53(2), 189-195.
Kraemer, R. R., Aboudehen, K. S., Carruth, A. K., Durand, R. T., Acevedo, E. O., Hebert, E. P., & et al. (2003). Adiponectin responses to continuous and progressively intense intermittent exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(8), 1320-1325.
Kraemer, R. R., Chu, H., & Castracane, V. D. (2002). Leptin and exercise. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 227(9), 701-708.
Kraemer, R. R., Kraemer, G. R., Acevedo, E. O., Hebert, E. P., Temple, E., Bates, M., & et al. (1999). Effects of aerobic exercise on serum leptin levels in obese females. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 80, 154-158.
Kraemer, W. J., Patton, J. F., Gordon, S. E., Harman, E. A., Deschenes, M. R., Reynolds, K., …Dziados, J. E. (1995). Compatibility of high-intensity strength and endurance training on hormonal and skeletal muscle adaptations. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78(3), 976-989.
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2004). Fundamentals of resistance training: Progression and exercise prescription. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(4), 674-688.
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 35(4), 339-361.
Labarrere, C. A., & Zaloga, G. P. (2004). C-reactive protein: from innocent bystander to pivotal mediator of atherosclerosis. American Journal of Medicine, 117(7), 499-507.
Layne, J. E., & Nelson, M. E. (1999). The effect of progressive resistance training on bone density: A review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31, 25-30.
LeMura, L. M., von Duvillard, S. P., Andreacci, J., Klebez, J. M., Chelland, S. A., & Russo, J. (2000). Lipid and lipoprotein profiles, cardiovascular fitness, body composition, and diet during and after resistance, aerobic and combination training in young women. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(5-6), 451-458.
Leon, A. S., & Sanchez, O. A. (2001). Response of blood lipids to exercise training alone or combined with dietary intervention. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(6 Suppl), S502-515.
Luc, G., Bard, J. M., Juhan-Vague, I., Ferrieres, J., Evans, A., Amouyel, P., Arveiler, D., Fruchart, J. C., & Ducimetiere, P. (2003). C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and fibrinogen as predictors of coronary heart disease: The PRIME Study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 23(7), 1255-1261.
MacDougall, J. D., Sale, D. G., Moroz, J. R., Elder, G. C., Sutton, J. R., & Howald, H. (1979). Mitochondrial volume density in human skeletal muscle following heavy resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports, 11(2), 164-166.
Mann, S., Beedie, C., & Jimenez, A. (2014). Differential effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined exercise modalities on cholesterol and the lipid profile: Review, synthesis and recommendations. Sports Medicine, 44(2), 211-221.
Marcell, T. J., McAuley, K. A., Traustadóttir, T., & Reaven, P. D. (2005). Exercise training is not associated with improved levels of C-reactive protein or adiponectin. Metabolism, 54(4), 533-541.
Marshall, D., Johnell, O., & Wedel, H. (1996). Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. British Medical Association, 312(7041), 1254-1259.
Matsuzawa, Y. (2005). White adipose tissue and cardiovascular disease. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 19(4), 637-647.
McCall, G. E., Byrnes, W. C., Dickinson, A., Pattany, P. M., & Fleck, S. J. (1996). Muscle fiber hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and capillary density in college men after resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology, 81(5), 2004-2012.
Miller, W. J., Sherman, W. M., & Ivy, J. L. (1984). Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 16, 539-543.
O'Donovan, G., Owen, A., Bird, S. R., Kearney, E. M., Nevill, A. M., Jones, D. W., & Woolf-May, K. (2005). Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factors following 24 wk of moderate- or high-intensity exercise of equal energy cost. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(5), 1619-1625.
Olson, T. P., Dengel, D. R., Leon, A. S., & Schmitz, K. H. (2007). Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women. International Journal of Obesity, 31(6), 996-1003.
Ogawa, K., Sanada, K., Machida, S., Okutsu, M., Suzuki, K. (2010). Resistance exercise training-induced muscle hypertrophy was associated with reduction of inflammatory markers in elderly women. Mediators of Inflammation, 2010, 171023. doi: 10.1155/2010/171023.
Ouchi, N., Kihara, S., Arita, Y., Maeda, K., Kuriyama, H., Okamoto, Y., & et al. (1999). Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: Adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation, 100(25), 2473-2476.
Pasman, W. J., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., & Saris, W. H. M. (1998). The effect of exercise training on leptin levels in obese males. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 274, E280-286.
Passos, M. C., & Gonçalves, M. C. (2014). Regulation of insulin sensitivity by adiponectin and its receptors in response to physical exercise. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 46(9), 603-608.
Pelleymounter, M. A., Cullen, M. J., Baker, M. B., Hecht, R., Winters, D., Boone, T., & et al. (1995). Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science, 269(5223), 540-543.
Prabhakaran, B., Dowling, E. A., Branch, J. D., Swain, D. P., & Leutholtz, B. C. (1999). Effect of 14 weeks of resistance training on lipid profile and body fat percentage in premenopausal women. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(3), 190-195.
Praet, S. F., Jonkers, R. A., Schep, G., Stehouwer, C. D., Kuipers, H., Keizer, H. A., & et al. (2008). Long-standing, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with complications respond well to short-term resistance and interval exercise training. European Journal of Endocrinology, 158(2), 163-172. doi: 10.1530/EJE-07-0169.
Pratley, R., Nicklas, B., Rubin, M., Miller, J., Smith, A., Smith, M., …, & Goldberg, A. (1985). Strength training increases resting metabolic rate and norepinephrine levels in healthy 50- to 65-yr-old men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 76(1), 133-137.
Prestes, J., Shiguemoto, G., Botero, J. P., Frollini, A., Dias, R., Leite, R., & et al. (2009). Effects of resistance training on resistin, leptin, cytokines, and muscle force in elderly post-menopausal women. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(14), 1607-1615. doi: 10.1080/02640410903352923.
Punyadeera, C., Zorenc, A. H., Koopman, R., McAinch, A. J., Smit, E., Manders, R., & et al. (2005). The effects of exercise and adipose tissue lipolysis on plasma adiponectin concentration and adiponectin receptor expression in human skeletal muscle. European Journal of Endocrinology, 152(3), 427-436.
Roberts, D. L., Dive, C., & Renehan, A. G. (2010). Biological mechanisms linking obesity and cancer risk: new perspectives. Annual Review of Medicine, 61, 301-316.
Rokling-Andersen, M. H., Reseland, J. E., Veierød, M. B., Anderssen, S. A., Jacobs, D. R., Urdal, P., & et al. (2007). Effects of long-term exercise and diet intervention on plasma adipokine concentrations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86(5), 1293-1301.
Rosenbaum, M., Nonas, C., Weil, R., Horlick, M., Fennoy, I., & Vargas, I. et al. (2007). School-based intervention acutely improves insulin sensitivity and decreases inflammatory markers and body fatness in junior high school students. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 92(2), 504-508.
Rost, N. S., Wolf, P. A., & Kase, C. S. (2001). Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack - The Framingham study. Stroke, 32(11), 2575-2579.
Saladin, R., De Vos, P., Guerre-Millo, M., Leturque, A., Girard, J., Staels, B., & et al. (1995). Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature, 377(6549), 527-529.
Sesso, H. D., Wang, L., Buring, J. E., Ridker, P. M., & Gaziano, M. J. (2006). Comparison of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein for the risk of developing hypertension in women. Hypertension, 49(2), 304-310.
Sheikholeslami, V. D., Ahmadi, S., Ahmadi, D. K., & Gharibi, F. (2011). Changes in cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory markers of young, healthy, men after six weeks of moderate or high intensity resistance training. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 51(4), 695-700.
Siegel, A. J., Stec, J. J., & Lipinska, I. (2001). Effect of marathon running on inflammatory and hemostatic markers. American Journal of Cardiology, 88(8), 918-920.
Simpson, K. A., & Singh, M. A. (2008). Effects of exercise on adiponectin: A systematic review. Obesity, 16(2), 241-256.
Tesch, P. A., Komi, P. V., & Häkkinen, K. (1987). Enzymatic adaptations consequent to long-term strength training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 8(Suppl 1), 66-69.
Thomas, G. A., Kraemer, W. J., Comstock, B. A., Dunn-Lewis, C., Maresh, C. M., & Volek, J. S. (2013). Obesity, growth hormone and exercise. Sports Medicine, 43(9), 839-849.
Tomaszewski, M., Charchar, F. J., Przybycin, M., Crawford, L., Wallace, A. M., Gosek, K., & et al. (2003). Strikingly low circulating CRP concentrations in ultramarathon runners independent of markers of adiposity: How low can you go? Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 23(9), 1640-1644.
Tzoulaki, I., Murray, G. D., Lee, A. J., Rumley, A., Lowe, G. D. O., & Fowkes, G. R. (2005). C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and soluble adhesion molecules as predictors of progressive peripheral atherosclerosis in the general population - Edinburgh Artery Study. Circulation, 112(7), 976-983.
Varady, K. A., Bhutani, S., Church, E. C., & Phillips, S. A. (2010). Adipokine responses to acute resistance exercise in trained and untrained men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(3), 456-462.
Verma, S., Kuliszewski, M. A., Li, S. H., Szmitko, P. E., Zucco, L., Wang, C. H., & et al. (2004). C-reactive protein attenuates endothelial progenitor cell survival, differentiation, and function: further evidence of a mechanistic link between C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 109(17), 2058-2067.
Vingren, J. L., Kraemer, W. J., Ratamess, N. A., Anderson, J. M., Volek, J. S., & Maresh, C. M. (2010). Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training: the up-stream regulatory elements. Sports Medicine, 40(12), 1037-1053.
Volaklis, K. A., Spassis, A. T., & Tokmakidis, S. P. (2007). Land versus water exercise in patients with coronary artery disease: Effects on body composition, blood lipids, and physical fitness. American Heart Journal, 154(3), 560.e1-6.
Wabitsch, M., Blum, W. F., Muche, R., Braun, M., Hube, F., Rascher, W., & et al. (1997). Contribution of androgens to the gender difference in leptin production in obese children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 100(4), 808-813.
Weltman, A., Pritzlaff, C. J., Wideman, L., Considine, R. V., Fryburg, D. A., Gutgesell, M. E., & et al. (2000). Intensity of acute exercise does not affect serum leptin concentrations in young men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(9), 1556-1561.
Weltman, A., Weltman, J. Y., Veldhuis, J. D., & Hartman, M. L. (2001). Body composition, physical exercise, growth hormone and obesity. Eating and Weight Disorders, 6(3 Suppl), 28-37.
White, M., Ross, H., Haddad, H., LeBlanc, M. H., Racine, N., Pflugfelder, P., & et al. (2006). Subclinical inflammation and prothrombotic state in heart transplant recipients: Impact of cyclosporin microemulsion vs. tacrolimus. Transplantation, 82(6), 763-770.
Wozniak, S. E., Gee, L. L., Wachtel, M. S., & Frezza, E. E. (2009). Adipose tissue: The new endocrine organ? A review article. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 54(9), 1847-1856. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0585-3.
Xu, A., Wang, Y., & Lam, K. S. L. (2004). Adiponectin. In G. Fantuzzi, & T. Mazzone (Eds.), Adipose tissue and adipokines in health and disease (pp. 47-57). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Yoshida, H., Ishikawa, T., Suto, M., Kurosawa, H., Hirowatari, Y., Ito, K., & et al. (2010). Effects of supervised aerobic exercise training on serum adiponectin and parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism in subjects with moderate dyslipidemia. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 17(11), 1160-1166.
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1994). Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature, 372(6505), 425-432.