本文旨在探討丹麥的北極戰略，以丹麥在2011年所出版之《2011-2020丹麥對北極戰略》一官方文件作為研究基礎，並將文中所提之北極安全、北極資源、北極氣候三大方面作為研究目標，透過質性研究途徑、文獻分析法、案例分析法、歷史分析法，以及使用國際層次、國家層次、國內層次之三層分析架構，來檢視丹麥自2011年至2020年之北極戰略實施內容，探討丹麥在過往十年間之北極戰略成效與影響。
丹麥的北極戰略以和平、穩定、合作為主要行動方針，無論在安全、資源、氣候議題上都較常以非暴力的形式尋求解決途徑，其中，本文檢視丹麥在北極安全之實施上，儘管面對大陸礁層爭議與相關領土爭議，仍在軍事安全戰略上多以海上救援、防衛性軍事部署為優先考量，而非主動尋求武力解決或是囤積軍備。同樣在北極資源與北極氣候等跨國議題上，丹麥亦尋求國際組織與國際合作的形式來應對，保持舊有的國際合作態勢，並在其基礎之上發展新的官方與民間形式合作關係，自始至終皆發揮愛好和平穩定的北極戰略結構。
然而，面對美國、俄羅斯，以及積極加入北極事務之非環北極國家之間的國際角逐，丹麥亦須找尋自身在北極戰略中的優勢與地位，以丹麥本身與格陵蘭島優越的自然與地理條件，積極發展自身在北極的區域掌控力，才能穩妥爭取到在北極事務中的戰略地位。本文希望能藉由分析《2011-2020丹麥對北極戰略》一文內容，檢視丹麥對北極的戰略架構，並藉此了解小國如何在大國環伺的北極情勢下，站穩腳步並發展對北極權力有利的國家條件，以獲得更多談論北極議題上的國際空間。

The study aims to explore Denmark's Arctic strategy using the official document "Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020" as the research foundation. It focuses on three main areas mentioned in the document: Arctic security, Arctic resources, and Arctic climate. Through qualitative research methods, literature analysis, case studies, historical analysis, and a three-level analysis framework at the international, national, and domestic levels, the study examines the implementation of Denmark's Arctic strategy from 2011 to 2020, analyzing its effectiveness and impact over the past decade.
Denmark's Arctic strategy prioritizes peace, stability, and cooperation as its main guiding principles. On issues of security, resources, and climate, Denmark often seeks non-violent solutions. The study examines Denmark's implementation of Arctic security measures, noting that despite facing disputes over continental shelves and related territorial claims, Denmark prioritizes maritime rescue and defensive military deployments over proactive military solutions or arms accumulation. Similarly, on transnational issues such as Arctic resources and climate, Denmark addresses these challenges through international organizations and cooperation, maintaining its existing international collaborative stance while developing new official and civil partnerships. Throughout, Denmark has adhered to a peace-loving and stable Arctic strategy.
However, amid the international competition involving the United States, Russia, and non-Arctic states increasingly engaging in Arctic affairs, Denmark must also identify its advantages and position within its Arctic strategy. Leveraging Denmark's and Greenland's favorable natural and geographical conditions, the country actively develops its regional control in the Arctic to secure a strategic position in Arctic affairs. By analyzing the content of the " Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011–2020," the study aims to review Denmark's Arctic strategic framework and understand how a small nation can maintain its footing and develop advantageous national conditions in the Arctic, thereby gaining more international space in Arctic discussions.

一、中文資料
王冠雄，2019/12/3。〈北極議題的發展與環北極北歐國家的因應〉，《國際海洋資訊》，2019年12月號，頁2-5。
王晨光，2020/1/10。〈領導權力、服務能力與結構設計–北極理事會的制度競爭力分析〉，《戰略決策研究》，2020年第1期，頁59-81。
丘宏達，2017。《現代國際法》。台北市：三民。
吳建輝，2013/3。〈歐盟做為全球環境行為者：以其在氣候變化綱要公約之參與為例〉，《歐美研究》，第43卷，第1期，頁27-87。
姜皇池，1998/1。〈論海洋爭端和平解決之機制〉，《警學叢刊》，第28卷第4期，頁1-30。
徐靖、耿宜佳、銀森錄、史朝中，2018年。〈基於可持續發展目標的“2020年後全球生物多樣性框架”要素研究〉，《環境保護》，2018年23期，頁17-22。
張亞中、唐欣偉，2020。〈理解國際關係〉，張亞中、張登及主編，《國際關係總論》新北市：揚智文化。頁2-39。
曹升生，2011/6。〈丹麥的北極戰略〉，《江南社會學院學報》，第13卷第2期，頁32-35。
章成，2016/8。〈北極地區大陸架劃界爭議的法律問題及其應對思路〉，《武大國際法評論》，2016年8月刊，頁203-227。
莊明貞、陳怡如譯，Glesne, Corrine著，2005。《質性研究導論》（Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction）。臺北市：高等教育。
許峻賓，2008/4。〈國際環境議題發展與我國外交策略〉，《臺灣經濟研究月刊》，第31卷，第4期，頁24-29。
郭思餘譯，Neuman, W. Lawrence著，2012。《研究方法 質化與量化方法之應用》（Understanding Research）。臺北：雙葉書廊。
郭思餘譯，Neuman, W. Lawrence著，2018。《研究方法 質化與量化方法之應用》（Understanding Research）。臺北：雙葉書廊。
陳偉華、葉琪，2012年。〈析論歐洲聯盟的環境治理困境：哥本哈根會議的分析視角〉，邱稔壤主編，《新生代國際關係學研究：展望下一個十年》。臺北市：政大外交系。頁325-332。
馮壽波、周敏，2022/12。〈《聯合國海洋法公約》專屬經濟區條款評析〉，《福建江夏學院學報》，第12卷第6期，頁42-55。
馮壽波、周敏，2022/12。〈《聯合國海洋法公約》專屬經濟區條款評析〉，《福建江夏學院學報》，第12卷第6期，頁42-55。
黃居正，2013。《判例國際公法I》。新竹市：黃居正。
奧本海著，岑德彰譯，1998。《奧本海國際法》，第一卷，第二分冊。北京：中國大百科出版社。
楊澤偉，2012/10。〈《聯合國海洋法公約》的主要缺陷及其完善〉，《法學評論》，第175期，頁57-64。
葉至誠、葉立誠，2011。《研究方法與論文寫作》。臺北市：商鼎數位。
葉濱鴻、程楊、王利、李東曄、楊林生，2021/3。〈北極地區地緣經濟關係演變研究〉，《世界地理研究》，第30卷第2期，頁234-244。
廖文章，2007/12。〈海洋法上共同開發法律制度的形成和國家實踐〉，《人文暨社會科學期刊》，第3卷第2期，頁67-80。
蔡育岱，2016。〈大小之爭：北極圈大小國家的戰略互動〉，《全球政治評論》，第五十六期，頁25-45。
蔡育岱，2018/10。〈極地之爭：北歐小國外交戰略與外交思維〉，《歐亞研究》，第5期，頁49-55。
蔡季廷，2015/9。〈論外大陸礁層的自然延伸原則：以2012年ITLOS孟加拉v.緬甸海域劃界案為中心〉，《政治科學論叢》，第65期，頁103-150。
蔡相廷，2010。〈歷史制度主義的興起與研究取向－政治學研究途徑的探討〉，《臺北市立教育大學學報》，第41卷第2期，頁39-76。
盧業中，2020。〈新自由主義〉，張亞中、張登及主編，《國際關係總論》新北市：揚智文化。頁76-100。
譚偉恩，2020。〈全球環境政治〉，張亞中、張登及主編，《國際關係總論》。新北市：揚智文化。頁492-518。
二、英文資料
（一）、專書期刊
Aarkrog, A., H. Dahlgaard & S.P. Nielsen, 2000/1/17. “Environmental radioactive contamination in Greenland: a 35 years retrospect,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 245, Issue 1-3, pp. 233-248.
Aastrup, Peter, Lis Bach, Jens Søndergaard & Kim Gustavson, 2018. Miljøundersøgelser ved Mestersvig 2014. Denmark: Aarhus Universitet, Institut for Bioscience.
Ananicheva, Maria, Anthony Arendt, Jon-Ove Hagen, Regine Hock, Edward Josberger, R. Dan Moore, William Tad Pfeffer & Gabriel J. Wolken, 2011. “Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps,” in Carolyn Symon, Henning Thing, Janet Pawlak & Tania Larson, eds., Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. pp. 213-273.
Anders, Bruhn, Kjellberg Anders, & Sandberg Åke, 2012/8. “A New World of Work Challenging Swedish Unions,” In Åke Sandberg ed., Nordic Lights. Work, Management and Welfare in Scandinavia (Stockholm: SNS Förlag, 2014), pp. 126-186.
Arnaut, Javier L. & Rikke Østergaard, 2023. “Navigating toward a Sustainable Arctic,” in Antonina Tsvetkova & Konstantin Timoshenko, ed., Supply Chain Operations in the Arctic. London: Routledge. pp. 144-167.
Atwood, Todd C., 2017. “Implications of Rapid Environmental Change for Polar Bear Behavior and Sociality,” in Butterworth, Andy, ed., Marine Mammal Welfare, Switzerland: Springer Cham. pp. 445-462.
Bai, Jiayu, 2015/11. “The Imo Polar Code: The Emerging Rules of Arctic Shipping Governance,” The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Vol. 30, Iss. 4, pp. 674-699.
Bailes, Alyson JK & Lassi Heininen, 2013. Strategy Papers on the Arctic or High North: A Comparative Study and Analysis. Institute of International Affairs: University of Iceland Press.
Bailes, Alyson JK, 2015. “An Economic, Environmental, and Energy Security Framework for Small Entities in the Arctic: Challenges for Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Greenland,” in Natalia Loukacheva, ed., Polar Law and Resources. Copenhagen K: Nordic Council of Ministers. pp. 135-144.
Baker, Betsy, 2010/2. “Law, Science, and the Continental Shelf: The Russian Federation and the Promise of Arctic Cooperation,” American University International Law Review, Vol. 25, Iss. 2, Article 4, pp. 251-281.
Bamber, Jonathan, Carl Egede Bøggild, Michael van den Broeke, Erik Buch, Jens Hesselberg Christensen, Klaus Dethloff, Mark Fahnestock, Shawn Marshall, Minik Rosing, Konrad Steffen, Robert Thomas, Martin Truffer & Cornelis van der Veen, 2011. “The Greenland Ice Sheet in a Changing Climate,” in Carolyn Symon, Henning Thing, Janet Pawlak & Tania Larson, eds., Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. pp. 275-342.
Becker, Michael A., 2009/Summer. “International Law of the Sea,” The International Lawyer, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 915-928.
Berkes, Fikret & Derek Armitage, 2010. “Co-management institutions, knowledge, and learning: adapting to change in the Arctic,” Etudes Inuit Studies, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 109-131.
Berkes, Fikret, 2009/4. “Evolution of co-management: Role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 90, Issue 5, pp. 1692-1702.
Blaauw, Robert J., 2010. “Oil and Gas Development and Opportunities in the Arctic Ocean,” in Paul Arthur Berkman & Alexander N. Vylegzhanin, eds., Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean. London: Springer. pp. 175-184.
Bluhm, Bodil A. & Gradinger Rolf, 2008/3. “Regional Variability in Food Availability for Arctic Marine Mammals,” Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 77-96.
Boasson, Elin Lerum, 2013. National Climate Policy Ambitousness: A Comparative Study of Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden and the UK. Oslo: Center for International Climate and Environmental Research.
Boisvert, Linette N., Jae N. Lee, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Brice Noël, Michiel R. van den Broeke & Anne W. Nolin, 2017/1/16. “Using remotely sensed data from AIRS to estimate the vapor flux on the Greenland ice sheet: Comparisons with observations and a regional climate model,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 122, Issue 1, pp. 202-229.
Box, Jason E et al., 2019/4/8. “Key indicators of Arctic climate change: 1971–2017,” Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 1-18.
Browning, Christopher S, 2006. “Small, Smart and Salient? Rethinking Identity in the Small States Literature,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 19, Issue 4, pp. 669-684.
Bundy, Alida, Johanna J. Heymans, Lyne Morissette & Claude Savenkoff, 2009/4-6. “Seals, cod and forage fish: A comparative exploration of variations in the theme of stock collapse and ecosystem change in four Northwest Atlantic ecosystems,” Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 81, Issue 1-4, pp. 188-206.
Burek, Kathy A., Gulland Frances M. D. & O'Hara Todd M., 2008/3. “Effects of Climate Change on Arctic Marine Mammal Health,” Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 126-134.
Byers, Michael, 2013. International Law and the Arctic. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Byers, Michael, 2017/10/26. “Crises and international cooperation: an Arctic case study,” International Relations, Vol. 31, Iss. 4, pp. 375-402.
Carsten, Schymik, 2009/8. “Greenland on the way to independence? Grounds for an enhanced EU-Greenland partnership,” SWP Comments, No. 20, pp. 1-7.
Cassotta, Sandra, 2021/9/22. “Ocean Acidification in the Arctic in a Multi-Regulatory, Climate Justice Perspective,” Frontiers in Climate, Vol. 3, Article 713644, pp. 1-14.
Cavell, Janice, 2008/12. “Historical Evidence and the Eastern Greenland Case,” Arctic, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 433-441.
Chan, Irene & Mingjiang Li, 2015/1/16. “New Chinese Leadership, New Policy in the South China Sea Dispute?” Journal of Chinese Political Science, No. 20, pp. 35-50.
Christiansen, Flemming G., 2022/10/11. “Greenland mineral exploration history,” Mineral Economics, pp. 1-29.
Christiansen, Jørgen S., Catherine W. Mecklenburg & Oleg V. Karamushko, 2014/2. “Arctic marine fishes and their fisheries in light of global change,” Global Change Biology, Vol. 20, Issue 2, pp. 352-359.
Closson, Stacy & Woodrow Wilson Center, 2019/6/21. “Russia’s Recent Arctic Activities: Military Threat or Development Strategy?” Russian Analytical Digest, No. 237, pp. 9-12.
Crandall, Robert et al., 2010. “Oil and Gas Activities in the Arctic,” in Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, eds., Oil and Gas Activities in the Arctic – Effects and Potential Effects. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. pp. 95-109.
Creswell, John W., 2013. Qualitative inquiry & research design: choosing among five approaches. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
Dale, Aaron & Derek Armitage, 2011/7. “Marine mammal co-management in Canada’s Arctic: Knowledge co-production for learning and adaptive capacity,” Marine Policy, Vol. 35, Issue 4, pp. 440-449.
Dams, Ties, Louise van Schaik & Adája Stoetman, 2020. Presence before Power: China’s Arctic Strategy in Iceland and Greenland, The Netherlands: Clingendael Institute.
Dechezleprêtre, Antoine, Daniel Nachtigall & Frank Venmans, 2023/3. “The joint impact of the European Union emissions trading system on carbon emissions and economic performance,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 118, pp. 1-41.
Derome, John & Natalia Lukina, 2010. “Interaction Between Environmental Pollution and Land-Cover/Land-Use Change in Arctic Areas,” in Garik Gutman & Anni Reissell, eds., Eurasian Arctic Land Cover and Land Use in a Changing Climate. London: Springer. pp. 269-285.
Dietz, Rune, Simon Wilson, Lisa L. Loseto, Aurélien Dommergue, Zhouqing Xie, Christian Sonne & John Chételat, 2022/10/15. “Special issue on the AMAP 2021 assessment of mercury in the Arctic,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 843, pp. 1-8.
Dodds, Klaus, 2010. “Flag planting and finger pointing: The Law of the Sea, the Arctic and the political geographies of the outer continental shelf,” Political Geography, Vol. 29, pp. 63-73.
Dodds, Klaus, 2013/Summer-Fall. “The Ilulissat Declaration (2008): The Arctic States, “Law of the Sea,” and Arctic Ocean,” The SAIS Review of International Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 45-55.
Domisse, Aurélie, 2016/2. “Enlargement to the North?: Sweden, Finland and NATO,” Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, pp. 1-6.
Einarsson, Níels, 2015. “Marine Governance, Fishing and Property Rights in Light of the Constitutional Debate in Iceland,” in Natalia Loukacheva, ed., Polar Law and Resources. Copenhagen K: Nordic Council of Ministers. pp. 91-98.
Eisted, Rasmus & Thomas H. Christensen, 2011/10. “Waste management in Greenland: current situation and challenges,” Waste Management & Research, Vol. 29, Issue 10, pp. 1064-1070.
Elena, Efimova & Kuznetsova Natalia, 2014/8/26-8/29. “Economic development of ultra small peripheral regions of West Europe (Case of Aland and Faroe islands),” paper presented at 54th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Regional development & globalisation: Best practices". St. Petersburg: European Regional Science Association. pp. 1-22.
Eyre, Bradley D., Tyler Cyronak, Patrick Drupp, Eric Heinen De Carlo, Julian P. Sachs & Andreas J. Andersson, 2018/2/23. “Coral reefs will transition to net dissolving before end of century,” Science, Vol. 359, Issue 6378, pp. 908-911.
Fausto, Robert S., Dirk van As, Jason E. Box, William Colgan & Peter L. Langen, 2016/9/7. “Quantifying the Surface Energy Fluxes in South Greenland during the 2012 High Melt Episodes Using In-situ Observations,” Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol. 4, Article 82, pp. 1-9.
Fedi, Laurent, Olivier Faury & Daria Gritsenko, 2018. “The impact of the Polar Code on risk mitigation in Arctic waters: a “toolbox” for underwriters?” Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 45, Issue 4, 2018, pp. 478-494.
Findsen, Lars, 2014. “Danish Defence Policy and Military Operations 2013,” in Nanna Hvidt & Hans Mouritzen, eds., Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2014, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. pp. 40-50.
Fink-Jensen, Peter et al., 2022/3. “Lifetime residency of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in West Greenland revealed by temporal patterns in otolith microchemistry,” Fisheries Research, Vol. 247, pp. 1-14.
Frederiksen, Claus Hjort, 2017. “Denmark in a rapidly changing security environment,” in Kristian Fischer & Hans Mouritzen, ed., Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2017. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. pp. 23-30.
Frederiksen, Claus Hjort, 2018. “The role of Denmark in a more complex security environment,” in Kristian Fischer & Hans Mouritzen, ed., Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2018. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. pp. 32-43.
Fronks, Roger C., 2002/3/20-3/22. “International Regulations – Meeting the Challenges,” paper presented at the SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Kuala Lumper: Society of Petroleum Engineers. pp. 1-15.
Gad, Ulrik Pram, Marc Jacobsen & Jeppe Strandsbjerg, 2018. “Introduction: Sustainability as a political concept in the Arctic,” in Ulrik Pram Gad & Jeppe Strandsbjerg eds., The Politics of Sustainability in the Arctic. Reconfiguring identity, time and space. London: Routledge. pp. 1-18.
Gautier, Donald L., 2019. “Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the East Greenland Rift Basins Province, 2008,” in T.E. Moore & D.L. Gautier, ed., The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal. Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 1-18.
Gavrilov, Viatcheslav, 2019. “Russian Arctic Policy,” in P. Whitney Lackenbauer & Suzanne Lalonde, eds., Breaking the Ice Curtain? Russia, Canada, and Arctic Security in a Changing Circumpolar World. Calgary: Canadian Global Affairs Institute. pp. 1-12.
Gerring, John, 2004/5. “What Is a Case Study and What Is It Good for?” American Political Science Review, Vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 341-353.
Ghimis, Ana-Maria, 2013/2. “Rim versus Non-Rim States in the Arctic Region: Prospects for a Zero-Sum Game or a Win-Win One?,” Romanian Journal of European Affairs, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 36-52.
Goto-Azuma, Kumiko et al., 2021/3. “Studies on the variability of the Greenland Ice Sheet and climate,” Polar Science, Vol. 27, pp. 1-9.
Grydehøj, Adam, 2020. “Government, Policies, and Priorities in Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland): Roads to Independence,” In Ken S. Coates & Carin Holroyd ed., The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan Cham. pp. 217-231.
Hansen, B., S. Østerhus, H. Hátún, R. Kristiansen & K.M.H. Larsen, 2003/12. “The Iceland–Faroe inflow of Atlantic water to the Nordic Seas,” Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 59, Issue 4, pp. 443-474.
Hansen, Bogi, Turið Poulsen, Karin Margretha Húsgarð Larsen, Hjálmar Hátún, Svein Østerhus, Elin Darelius, Barbara Berx, Detlef Quadfasel & Kerstin Jochumsen, 2017/11/13. “Atlantic water flow through the Faroese Channels,” Ocean Science, Vol. 13, Issue 6, pp. 873-888.
Harding, Karin C. & Tero J. Härkönen, 1999/11. “Development in the Baltic Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) and Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) Populations during the 20th Century,” Ambio, Vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 619-627.
Harington, C. R., 2008/3. “The Evolution of Arctic Marine Mammals,” Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 23-40.
Hearty III, Thomas J., Jae N. Lee, Dong L. Wu, Richard Cullather, John M. Blaisdell, Joel Susskind & Sophie M. J. Nowicki, 2018/5/1. “Intercomparison of Surface Temperatures from AIRS, MERRA, and MERRA-2 with NOAA and GC-Net Weather Stations at Summit, Greenland,” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, Vol. 57, Issue 5, pp. 1231–1245.
Hollowed, Anne Babcock, Benjamin Planque & Harald Loeng, 2013/9. “Potential movement of fish and shellfish stocks from the sub-Arctic to the Arctic Ocean,” Fish Oceanography, Vol. 22, Issue 5, pp. 355-370.
Holm, Petter, Jesper Raakjær, Rikke Becker Jacobsen & Edgar Henriksen, 2015/5. “Contesting the social contracts underpinning fisheries—Lessons from Norway, Iceland and Greenland,” Marine Policy, Vol. 55, pp. 64-72.
Høst, Jeppe & Jens Christiansen, 2018. Nordic fisheries in transition - future challenges to management and recruitment. Copenhagen K: The Nordic Council of Ministers.
Hovelsrud, Grete K., Birger Poppel, Bob E.H. van Oort & James D. Reist, 2011. “Arctic Societies, Cultures, and Peoples in a Changing Cryosphere,” in Carolyn Symon, Henning Thing, Janet Pawlak & Tania Larson, eds., Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. pp. 431-469.
Hovelsrud, Grete K., McKenna Meghan & Huntington Henry P., 2008/3. “Marine Mammal Harvests and Other Interactions with Humans,” Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 135-147.
Huebert, Rob, 2011. “Climate Change and Canadian Sovereignty in the Northwest Passage,” in John Ferris & P. Whitney Lackenbauer, eds., Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security: Historical Perspectives. Centre for Military and Strategic Studies: University of Calgary Press. pp. 383-397.
Humpert, Malte & Andreas Raspotnik, 2012. “The Future of Arctic Shipping Along the Transpolar Sea Route,” in Lassi Heininen, eds., Arctic Yearbook 2012. Akureyri, Iceland: Northern Research Forum. pp. 281-301.
Iannone, Fedele, 2011/10/11. “A model of optimizing the private and social cost-efficiency of port-hinterland container logistics,” paper presented at The European Transport Conference. Glasgow: Association for European Transport. pp. 1-21.
Jacobsen, Marc & Victoria Herrmann, 2017. “Introduction: Arctic International Relations in a Widened Security Perspective,” Politik, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 6-14.
Jacobsen, Rikke Becker & Alyne Delaney, 2014/6/20. “When social sustainability becomes politics – perspectives from Greenlandic fisheries governance,” Maritime Studies, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 1-14.
Jacobsen, Rikke Becker & Jesper Raakjær, 2012/4. “A Case of Greenlandic Fisheries Co-Politics: Power and Participation in Total Allowable Catch Policy-Making,” Human Ecology, Vol. 40 No. 2, pp. 175-184.
Jacobsen, Rikke Becker & Jesper Raakjær, 2014/5/27. “Who defines the need for fishery reform? Participants, discourses and networks in the reform of the Greenland fishery,” Polar Record, Vol. 50, Issue 4, pp. 391-402.
Jarashow, Mark, Michael B. Runnel & Tait Svenson, 2006. “UNCLOS and Arctic: The Path of Least Resistance,” Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 30, Iss. 5, pp. 1585-1652.
Jensen, Øystein, 2022. “End of the common arctic seabed: recent state practice in the establishment of continental shelf limits beyond 200 nm,” The Polar Journal, Vol. 12, Iss. 1, pp. 108-121.
Johansen, Poul, Gert Asmund, Frank Rigét & Helene Schledermann, 2010. Environmental at the Cryolite Mine in Ivittuut, South Greenland, in 2010. Denmark: National Environmental Research Institute.
Kankaanpää, Paula & Oran R. Young, 2012. “The effectiveness of the Arctic Council,” Polar Research, Vol. 31, pp. 1-13.
Kao, Shih-Ming, Nathaniel S. Pearre & Jeremy Firestone, 2012/5. “Adoption of the arctic search and rescue agreement: A shift of the arctic regime toward a hard law basis?” Marine Policy, Vol. 36, pp. 832-838.
Karahalil, Meric, Burcu Ozsoy, Ersan Basar & Tanzer Satır, 2021/6. “The evaluation of the Polar Code by the survey conducted with those who have sailed in polar regions, and suggestions for further improvement,” Marine Policy, Vol. 128, pp. 1-9.
Keohane, Robert & Joseph Nye, 2012. Power and Interdependence. Boston: Longman.
Khon, V. C. & I. I. Mokhov & M. Latif & V. A. Semenov & W. Park, 2010. “Perspectives of Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage in the twenty-first century,” Climatic Change, Vol. 100, pp. 757-768.
Kimmel, Mara, 2014. “Fate Control and Human Rights: The Policies and Practices of Local Governance in America’s Arctic,” Alaska Law Review, Vol. 31, Issue. 2, pp. 179-210.
Kjær, Kurt H. et al., 2022/4. “Glacier response to the Little Ice Age during the Neoglacial cooling in Greenland,” Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 227, pp. 1-43.
Knecht, Sebastian, 2017/6. “The politics of Arctic international cooperation: Introducing a dataset on stakeholder participation in Arctic Council Meetings, 1998-2015,” Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 52, Iss. 2, pp. 203-223.
Koivurova, Timo, 2009/6. “Governance of protected areas in the Arctic,” Utrecht Law Review, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 49-60.
Koval, Vasiliy P. & Dmitry N. Lyzhin, 2016. “International environmental cooperation in the Arctic,” Arctic and North, No. 22, p. 119-127.
Kullerud, Lars & Oran R. Young, 2020. “Adding a Gakkel Ridge regime to the evolving Arctic Ocean governance complex,” Marine Policy, Vol. 122, pp. 1-6.
Laidre, Kristin L., Ian Stirling, Lloyd F. Lowry, Øystein Wiig, Mads Peter Heide-Jørgensen & Steven H. Ferguson, 2008/3. “Quantifying the Sensitivity of Arctic Marine Mammals to Climate-Induced Habitat Change,” Ecological Applications, Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 97-125.
Larsen, Esben Salling, 2022/2/22. “The military geographies of Denmark: a new place in a familiar landscape,” Defence Studies, Vol. 22, Issue 3, pp. 378-397.
Larsen, Joan Nymand & Peter Schweitzer & Gail Fondahl, 2010. Arctic Social Indicators - a follow-up to the Arctic Human Development Report. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Lee, Connie, 2019/8. “Arctic Strategy: Great Power Competition Extends to Arctic,” National Defense, Vol. 104, No. 789, pp. 32-36.
Leiserowitz, Anthony, Edward Maibach, Seth Rosenthal, John Kotcher, Matthew Ballew, Matthew Goldberg & Abel Gustafson, 2018. Climate change in the American mind: December 2018. New Haven: Yale University and George Mason University.
Lemieux-Dudon, Bénédicte et al., 2010/1. “Consistent dating for Antarctic and Greenland ice cores,” Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 29, Issue 1-2, pp. 8-20.
Liempd, Dennis van & Jacob Busch, 2013. “Biodiversity reporting in Denmark,” Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 833-872.
Long, Stephen & Peter J.S. Jones, 2021/5. “Greenland's offshore Greenland halibut fishery and role of the Marine Stewardship Council certification: A governance case study,” Marine Policy, Vol. 127, pp. 1-14.
Maass, Matthias, 2017. Small states in world politics: The story of small state survival, 1648-2016. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Määttä, Kaarina & Satu Uusiautti, 2019. “Arctic Education in the Future,” in Uusiautti, S. & Yeasmin, N. ed., Human Migration in the Arctic. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 213-238.
MacSween, Katrina, Geoff Stupple, Wenche Aas, Katriina Kyllönen, Katrine Aspmo Pfaffhuber, Henrik Skov, Alexandra Steffen, Torunn Berg & Michelle Nerentorp Mastromonaco, 2022/9/1. “Updated trends for atmospheric mercury in the Arctic: 1995–2018,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 837, pp. 1-13.
Marcussen, Christian & Martin V. Heinesen, 2010/7/7. “The Continental Shelf Project of the Kingdom of Denmark - status at the beginning of 2010,” Geologic survey of Denmark and Greenland bulletin, Vol. 20, pp. 51-54.
Marcussen, Christian, Finn Mørk, Thomas Funck, Willy Lehmann Weng & Mikael Pedersen, 2015/7/7. “The Continental Shelf Project of the Kingdom of Denmark – status and issues,” Review of Survey activities 2014, Vol. 33, pp. 41-44.
Mariager, Rasmus & Anders Wivel, 2019. Hvorfor gik Danmark i krig? Uvildig udredning af baggrunden for Danmarks militære engagement i Kosovo, Afghanistan og Irak. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.
Matz-Lück, Nele, 2009/1. “Planting the Flag in Arctic Waters: Russia’s Claim to the North Pole,” Göttingen Journal of International Law, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 235-255.
Meredith, Michael et al., 2019. “Polar regions,” in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds., Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Monaco: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. pp. 203-320.
Mouritzen, Hans, 1991/5. “Tension between the Strong, and the Strategies of the Weak,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 217-230.
Munro, James, 2018. Emissions Trading Schemes under International Economic Law. London: Oxford University Press.
Niclasen, Birgit & Gert Mulvad, 2010/8/11. “Health care and health care delivery in Greenland,” International Journal of Circumpolar Health, Vol. 69, Issue 5, pp. 443-445.
Niclasen, Birgit & Gert Mulvad, 2010/8/11. “Health care and health care delivery in Greenland,” International Journal of Circumpolar Health, Vol. 69, Issue 5, pp. 437-487.
Nikitina, Viktoriya, 2021. “The Arctic, Russia and Coercion of Navigation,” in Lassi Heininen, eds., Arctic Yearbook 2021. Akureyri, Iceland: Northern Research Forum. pp. 41-56.
Nord, Douglas C, 2010/Autumn. “The shape of the table, the shape of the Arctic,” International Journal, Vol. 65, Iss. 4, pp. 825-836.
Nuttall, Mark, 2021/12/17. “Greenland and the geopolitics of critical minerals,” One Earth, Vol. 4, Iss. 12, pp. 1674-1675.
Overland, James E., Muyin Wang, John E. Walsh, Jens H. Christensen, Vladimir M. Kattsov & William L. Chapman, 2011. “Climate Model Projections for the Arctic,” in Carolyn Symon, Henning Thing, Janet Pawlak & Tania Larson, eds., Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. pp. 23-40.
Pedersen, Torbjørn, 2012/4. “Debates over the Role of the Arctic Council,” Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 43, Iss. 2, pp. 146-156.
Petersen, Anders Højgård, Niels Strange, Signe Anthon, Thomas Bue Bjørner & Carsten Rahbek, 2016/2. “Conserving what, where and how? Cost-efficient measures to conserve biodiversity in Denmark,” Journal for Nature Conservation, Vol. 29, pp. 33-44.
Pharand, Donat, 1988. Canada’s Arctic Waters in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pinkerton, Evelyn, Derek Armitage, Fikret Berkes & Nancy Doubleday, 2007. “Integrating Holism and Segmentalism: Overcoming Barriers to Adaptive Co-Management between Management Agencies and Multi-Sector Bodies,” in D. Armitage & Fikret Berkes, Nancy Doubleday ed., Adaptive Co-management: Collaboration, Learning and Multilevel Governance. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 150-169.
Putnam, Robert D., 1988/Summer. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games,” The MIT Press, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 427-460.
Rahbek-Clemmensen, Jon & Gry Thomasen, 2020/12. “How has Arctic coastal state cooperation affected the Arctic Council?” Marine Policy, Vol. 122, pp. 1-7.
Rahbek-Clemmensen, Jon, 2011. “Denmark in the Arctic: Bowing to three masters,” Atlantisch Perspectief, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 9-14.
Reiersen, Lars-Otto, Katrin Vorkamp & Roland Kallenborn, 2024/1. “The role of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) in reducing pollution of the Arctic and around the globe,” Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, Vol. 17, pp. 1-11.
Reinert, Jákup, 2001. “Faroese Waters: Environment, Biology, Fisheries and Management,” in Dirk Zeller, Reg Watson & Daniel Pauly ed., Fisheries Impacts on North Atlantic Ecosystems: Catch, Effort and National/Regional Data Sets. Vancouver: The Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia. pp. 110-125.
Reinert, Jákup, 2001. “Faroese Waters: Environment, Biology, Fisheries and Management,” in Dirk Zeller, Reg Watson & Daniel Pauly ed., Fisheries Impacts on North Atlantic Ecosystems: Catch, Effort and National/Regional Data Sets. Vancouver: The Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia. pp. 110-125.
Rosving-Asvid, Aqqalu, 2010/9/1. “Catch history and status of the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) in Greenland,” NAMMCO Scientific Publications, Vol. 8, pp. 161-174.
Sanandaji, Nima, 2012/8/27. “The surprising ingredients of Swedish success – free markets and social cohesion,” IEA Discussion Paper, No. 41, pp. 1-46.
Sarkisov, A. A., 2019/4/22. “The Question of Clean-Up of Radioactive Contamination in the Arctic Region,”　Science and Society, Vol. 89, pp. 7-22.
Savenkoff, Claude, Martin Castonguay, Denis Chabot, Mike O. Hammill, Hugo Bourdages & Lyne Morissette, 2007/3/13. “Changes in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence ecosystem estimated by inverse modelling: Evidence of a fishery-induced regime shift?” Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science, Vol. 73, pp. 711-724.
Sboychakova, A. V., 2021. “The Development of Cooperation Between Member States of the Arctic Council 1996–2019: Environmental Partnership or Struggle for Resources,” In Radomir Bolgov, et al., eds., Proceedings of Topical Issues in International Political Geography. Springer Geography: Springer. pp 249–256.
Schiffinan, Howard S., 2004. “U.S. Membership in UNCLOS: What Effects for the Marine Environment?” ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 11, Iss. 2, Article 21, pp. 477-483.
Schouenborg, Laust, 2012. The Scandinavian International Society: Primary Institutions and Binding Forces, 1815-2010. Abingdon: Routledge.
Schymik, Carsten, 2009/8. “Greenland on the way to independence? Grounds for an enhanced EU-Greenland partnership,” Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Comments, No. 20, pp. 1-7.
Sejersen, Frank, 2001/12. “Hunting and Management of Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus Leucas) in Greenland: Changing Strategies to Cope with New National and Local Interests,” Arctic, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 431-443.
Serova, N. & E. Korchak & T. Skufina, 2020. “The Arctic: Strategic Priorities of Circumpolar Countries,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 753, Ch. 6, pp. 1-7.
Sigrist, Jonathan, 2021. Between Security and Sovereignty: Denmark’s Arctic Conundrum Amidst Trump’s New Cold War. Thesis, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Skjoldal, Hein Rune et al., 2010. “Scientific Findings and Recommendations,” in Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, eds., Oil and Gas Activities in the Arctic – Effects and Potential Effects. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. pp. 1-18.
Smeets, Paul C. J. P. et al., 2018/4/20. “The K-transect in west Greenland: Automatic weather station data (1993–2016),” Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 50, Issue 1, pp. 1-16.
Soler, Josep M. Lloveras, 2011/2. “The new EU diplomacy: learning to add value,” Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies EUI Working Papers, pp. 1-25.
Søndergaard, Jens & Anders Mosbech, 2022/3/15. “Mining pollution in Greenland - the lesson learned: A review of 50 years of environmental studies and monitoring,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 812, pp. 1-14.
Spence, Jennifer, 2013. “Strengthening the Arctic Council: Insights from the Architecture Behind Canadian Participation,” The Northern Review, No. 37, pp. 37-56.
Steffen, Conrad, Jason Box & Waleed Abdalati, 1996. “Greenland Climate Network: GC-Net,” in Samuel C. Colbeck, eds., Glaciers, Ice Sheets and Volcanoes: A Tribute to Mark F. Meier. Virginia: Defense Technical Information Center, pp. 98-103.
Steinmetz, George, 2010. “Introduction: Culture and the State,” in Anders Wivel & Robert Steinmetz ed., Small States in Europe Challenges and Opportunities. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 1-49.
Stevenson, Christopher, 2007. “Hans Off!: The Struggle for Hans Island and the Potential Ramifications for International Border Disupute Resolution,” Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 30, Iss. 1, pp. 263-275.
Sundqvist, Göran & Ingemar Bohlin & Erlend AT Hermansen & Steven Yearley, 2015/6. “Formalization and separation: A systematic basis for interpreting approaches to summarizing science for climate policy,” Social Studies of Science, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 416-440.
Taylor, Leah & Jim Parsons, 2011. “Improving Student Engagement,” Current Issues in Education, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1-32.
Theussen, Amelie, 2023/3/10. “Denmark’s Security Starts in the Baltic States,” PRISM, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 167-181.
Vihma, Antto, Gunilla Reischl & Astrid Nonbo Andersen, 2021/6/23. “A Climate Backlash: Comparing Populist Parties’ Climate Policies in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden,” The Journal of Environment & Development, Vol. 30, Issue 3, pp. 220, 219-239.
Vylegzhanin, A. N., I. P. Dudikina, 2016. “The Politics of International Law as a Concept,” Moscow Journal of International Law, No. 4, pp. 21-37.
Vylegzhanin, A. N., N. V. Korchunov & A. R. Tevatrosyan, 2020. “The Role of the Arctic Economic Council in the International Legal Framework of the Arctic Ocean Environmental Governing,” Moscow Journal of International Law, No. 3, pp. 6-26.
Walsh, John E., James E. Overland, Pavel Y. Groisman & Bruno Rudolf, 2011. “Arctic Climate: Recent Variations,” in Carolyn Symon, Henning Thing, Janet Pawlak & Tania Larson, eds., Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. pp. 9-22.
Walt, Stephen M., 1985/ Spring. “Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power,” International Security, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 3-43.
Wegge, Njord, 2015/1. “The emerging politics of the Arctic Ocean. Future management of the living marine resources,” Marine Policy, Vol. 51, pp. 331-338.
Wegge, Njord, 2020. “Arctic Security Strategies and the North Atlantic States,” Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 11, pp. 360-382.
Weller, Gunter, 2005. “Summary and Synthesis of the ACIA,” in Carolyn Symon, Lelani Arris & Bill Heal, eds., Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. ACIA Overview report. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 989-1020.
Winther, Jan-Gunnar, 2015. “Climate Change in the Polar Regions,” in Natalia Loukacheva, ed., Polar Law and Resources. Copenhagen K: Nordic Council of Ministers. pp. 51-62.
Wither, James Kenneth, 2021. “An Arctic security dilemma: assessing and mitigating the risk of unintended armed conflict in the High North,” European Security, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 649-666.
Witt, Magnus de, Hlynur Stefansson, Agúst Valfells & Joan Nymand Larsen, 2021/5. “Energy resources and electricity generation in Arctic areas,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 169, pp. 144-156.
Witt, Magnus de, Hlynur Stefánsson, Ágúst Valfells & Joan Nymand Larsen, 2021/8/4. “Availability and Feasibility of Renewable Resources for Electricity Generation in the Arctic: The Cases of Longyearbyen, Maniitsoq, and Kotzebue,” Sustainability, Vol. 13, Issue 16, pp. 1-20.
Yost, David S., 1998. “The New NATO and Collective Security,” Survival, Vol. 40, Iss. 2, pp. 135-160.
Young, Oran R. & Jong-Deog Kim, 2021/11. “Next steps in Arctic Ocean Governance Meeting the challenge of coordinating a dynamic regime complex,” Marine Policy, Vol. 133, pp. 1-8.
Young, Oran R., 2009/1. “Whither the Arctic? Conflict or cooperation in the circumpolar north,” Polar Record, Vol. 45, Iss. 1, pp. 73-82.
Zandee, Dick & Kimberley Kruijver & Adája Stoetman, 2020. The Future of Arctic Security: The Geopolitical Pressure Cooker and the Consequences for the Netherlands. The Netherlands: Clingendael Institute.
Ziegler, Friederike, Katarina Nilsson, Nette Levermann, Masaana Dorph, Bjarne Lyberth, Amalie A. Jessen & Geneviève Desportes, 2021/5/20. “Local Seal or Imported Meat? Sustainability Evaluation of Food Choices in Greenland, Based on Life Cycle Assessment,” Foods, Vol. 10, Article 6, pp. 1-14.
（二）、官方資料
Arctic Council, 1991. Arctic Environment Protection Strategy. Rovaniemi: Arctic Council.
Arctic Council, 2011/5. Senior Arctic Official (SAO) Report to Ministers 2011, pp. 1-56.
Arctic Council, 2021. Arctic Council Strategic Plan 2021-2030. Reykjavik: Arctic Council.
Arctic Council. 2021. Senior Arctic Officials’ Report to Ministers 2021. Reykjavik: Arctic Council Secretariat.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 1998. Arctic Pollution Issues. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2004. AMAP Assessment 2002: Radioactivity in the Arctic. Tromsø: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2006. AMAP Assessment 2006: Acidifying Pollutants, Arctic Haze and Acidification in the Arctic. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2011. Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2016. AMAP Assessment 2016: Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2017. Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic. Summary for Policy-makers. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2018. AMAP Assessment 2018: Arctic Ocean Acidification. Tromsø: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2018. Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2018. Oslo: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2019. AMAP Strategic Framework 2019+. Tromsø: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2021. AMAP Arctic Climate Change Update 2021: Key Trends and Impacts. Tromsø: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2021. AMAP Assessment 2021: Mercury in the Arctic. Tromsø: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2021. AMAP Assessment 2020: POPs and Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern: Influence of Climate Change. Tromsø: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2021. Human Health in the Arctic 2021. Summary for Policy-makers. Tromsø: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
CAFF&CBD, 2010.“Resolution of Cooperation between CAFF and the Convention of Biological Diversity,”CAFF Resolutions of Cooperation, pp. 1-2.
CAFF&CMS, 2013.“CAFF and CMS cooperate on Arctic migratory species conservation,”CAFF Resolutions of Cooperation, pp. 1-4.
Chief of Naval Operations, 2014/2. “The United States Navy Arctic Roadmap for 2014 to 2030,” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Navy, pp. 1-42.
Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, 2015. Actions for Arctic Biodiversity, 2013-2021: Implementing the recommendations of the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment. Akureyri: Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna.
Convention on Biological Diversity, 2020. Global Biodiversity Outlook 5. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Danish Defence Intelligence Service, 2019. Intelligence Risk Assessment 2019. Copenhagen: Danish Defence Intelligence Service.
Danish Maritime Authority, 2016/12/8. “Notice B from the Danish Maritime Authority - Chapter B V Safety of Navigation,” Danish Maritime Authority, No. 1512, pp. 1-34.
Denmark Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2022/1. Foreign and security policy strategy, pp. 1-59.
Denmark Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Greenland Department of Foreign Affairs, Government of the Faroes Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2011/8. The Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic 2011-2020, pp. 1-58.
Finland Government, 2021/6. Finland’s Strategy for Arctic Policy, pp. 1-71.
Government of Canada, 2017/5. Statement on Canada’s Arctic Foreign Policy, p. 3-27.
Government of Greenland (Naalakkersuisut), 2009/6/12. “Act on Greenland Self-Government,” Government of Greenland (Naalakkersuisut), pp. 1-7.
Government of Greenland (Naalakkersuisut), 2017/11. “Sektorplan for Energi-Og Vandforsyning,” Nukissiorfiit, pp. 1-99.
Government of the Russian Federation, 2015/8. “Partial revised submission of the Russian federation to the commission on the limits of the continental shelf in Respect of the continental shelf of the Russian federation in the Arctic ocean,” Government of the Russian Federation, pp. 1-34.
Iceland Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2021/10. Iceland’s Policy on Matters Concerning the Arctic Region, Parliamentary Resolution 25/151, pp. 1-28.
Kingdom of Denmark, 2014/11. “The northern continental shelf of Greenland: Partial submission of the government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the government of Greenland to the commission on the limits of the continental shelf,” Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), pp. 1-51.
Klima-, Energi- og Bygningsministeriet, 2011. Vores Energi. Copenhagen: Klima-, Energi- og Bygningsministeriet.
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2021/1. The Norwegian Government’s Arctic Policy, pp. 6-38.
Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2019. Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.
Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment, 2015. Arctic Marine Strategic Plan 2015-2025. Iqaluit: Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment.
Russian Federation, 2020. Foundations of the Russian Federation State Policy in the Arctic for the Period up to 2035（Основы государственной политики Российской Федерации в Арктике на период до 2035 года）, trans., Anna Davis & Ryan Vest. Rhode Island: Russia Maritime Studies Institute.
Sweden Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2011/10. Sweden’s strategy for the Arctic region, pp. 4-50.
Sweden Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2020/11. Sweden’s strategy for the Arctic Region, pp. 4-64.
The United States Department of Defense, 2013/11. Arctic Strategy, pp. 1-14.
The White House (America), 2022. National Strategy for the Arctic Region. Washington: The White House.
Whale and Dolphin Conservation, 2012. “Greenland’s Expanding Commercial Whaling Report 2012,” Whale and Dolphin Conservation, pp. 1-6.
三、網路資料
（一）、官方資料
中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室，2018年1月26日。〈中國的北極政策〉，《新華社》，<http://big5.www.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-01/26/content_5260891.htm >。檢閱日期：2024年4月10日。
中華民國農業部水產試驗所。〈何謂「總容許捕獲量」(TAC, Total allowable catch)？〉，中華民國農業部水產試驗所，<https://www.tfrin.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=309&s=34047>。瀏覽日期：2024年1月6日。
Aalborg University, “Arctic Research Projects at Aalborg University,” About AAU Arctic, <https://www.arctic.aau.dk/#arctic-research-projects-at-aalborg-university>. Retrieved on January 20, 2024.
Aalborg University, “Arctic Research Projects at Aalborg University,” About AAU Arctic, <https://www.arctic.aau.dk/#arctic-research-projects-at-aalborg-university>. Retrieved on January 20, 2024.
Arctic Council, 2011/3/16-3/17. “The Arctic Health Declaration,” Senior Arctic Officials' meetings, <https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/items/a8a1b800-dd08-409e-acfd-5eee5fab0ef5>. Retrieved on January 22, 2024.
Arctic Council, 2011/5/12. “Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic,” Ministerial meeting in Nuuk (Greenland), pp. 1-18. Available at <https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/531/EDOCS-1910-v1-ACMMDK07_Nuuk_2011_Arctic_SAR_Agreement_unsigned_EN.PDF?sequence=8&isAllowed=y>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
Arctic Council, 2022/10/14.“The Arctic Council: Working Groups,＂ Arctic Council, <https://www.arctic-council.org/about/working-groups/>. Retrieved on February 22, 2024.
Arctic DTU, “Arctic DTU Research Station,” Arctic DTU Research Station, <https://arctic.dtu.dk/research-station>. Retrieved on January 22, 2024.
Arctic DTU, “Arctic DTU Research Station,” Arctic DTU Research Station, <https://arctic.dtu.dk/research-station>. Retrieved on January 22, 2024.
Arctic Economic Council, “About Arctic Economic Council,” Arctic Economic Council, <https://arcticeconomiccouncil.com/about/>. Retrieved on June 25, 2024.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, “Assessing Arctic Pollution Issues,” Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, <https://www.amap.no/assessing-arctic-pollution-issues>. Retrieved on March 2, 2024.
Arctic Science Ministerial, 2018/10/26. “Joint Statement of Ministers – On the Occasion of the Second Arctic Science Ministerial,” Arctic Science Ministerial 2, pp. 1-9, <https://www.arcticobserving.org/images/pdf/misc/asm-2-joint-statement.pdf>. Retrieved on February 22, 2024.
Arctic Science Ministerial, 2021/5/9. “Joint Statement of Ministers – On the Occasion of the Third Arctic Science Ministerial,” Arctic Science Ministerial 2, pp. 1-10, <https://asm3.org/library/Files/ASM3_Joint_Statement.pdf>. Retrieved on February 22, 2024.
Arctic Science Partnership, “Vision & Mission of ASP,” Arctic Science Partnership, <https://asp-net.org/content/vision-mission>. Retrieved on January 20, 2024.
Arctic Science Partnership, “Vision & Mission of ASP,” Arctic Science Partnership, <https://asp-net.org/content/vision-mission>. Retrieved on January 20, 2024.
Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, 2024/4/8. “U.S. Security Cooperation with Denmark,” U.S. Department of States Fact Sheet, <https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-denmark/>. Retrieved on June 25, 2024.
CLCS/95., available at <https://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/commission_submissions.htm>. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, “About the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme (CBMP),” Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, <https://www.caff.is/work/projects/circumpolar-biodiversity-monitoring-program-cbmp/>. Retrieved on February 27, 2024.
Convention on Biological Diversity, 2011. “United Nations Decade on Biodiversity 2011-2020,” United Nations Decade on Biodiversity, pp. 1-11, <https://www.cbd.int/undb/home/undb-strategy-en.pdf>. Retrieved on March 4, 2024.
Convention on Biological Diversity, 2020/9/18. “Aichi Biodiversity Targets,” Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, <https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets>. Retrieved on March 4, 2024.
Danish Defence, 2021/5/4. “Search and rescue in Greenland”, Joint Arctic Command, <https://www.forsvaret.dk/en/organisation/joint-arctic-command/search-and-rescue-greenland/>. Retrieved October 18, 2023. <https://www.fmn.dk/globalassets/fmn/dokumenter/forlig/-danish-defence-agreement-2010-2014-english-.pdf>. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
Danish Environmental Protection Agency, “Natura 2000,” Ministry of Environment of Denmark, <https://eng.mst.dk/nature/natura-2000>. Retrieved on February 28, 2024.
Danish Maritime Authority, “Compensation for oil pollution damage,” Safety at Sea, <https://dma.dk/safety-at-sea/ship-safety/batteries-lng-and-oil/compensation-for-oil-pollution-damage>. Retrieved on December 7, 2023.
Danish Maritime Authority, 2018. “Cyber and Information Security Strategy for the Maritime Sector,” Danish Maritime Cybersecurity Unit, <https://dma.dk/Media/637709330853499994/Cyber%20and%20Information%20Security%20Strategy%20for%20the%20Maritime%20Sector.pdf>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
Danish Ministry of Defence, 2009/6/24. “Danish Defence Agreement 2010-2014,” Danish Ministry of Defence,
Danish Ministry of Defence, 2012/11/30. “Danish Defence Agreement 2013-2017,” Danish Ministry of Defence, <https://www.fmn.dk/en/topics/agreements-and-economi/agreement-for-danish-defence-2018---2023/danish-defence-agreement-2013-2017/>. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
Danish Ministry of Defence, 2018/1/28. “Danish Defence Agreement 2018-2023,” Danish Ministry of Defence, <https://www.fmn.dk/en/topics/agreements-and-economi/agreement-for-danish-defence-2018---2023/>. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
Danish Ministry of Defence, 2021/2/11. “New political agreement on Arctic Capabilities for 1.5 billion DKK”, Danish Ministry of Defence News, < https://www.fmn.dk/en/news/2021/new-political-agreement-on-arctic-capabilities-for-1.5-billion-dkk/>. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
Danish Nature Agency, 2014. “Danish Nature Policy - Our Shared Nature,” Convention on Biological Diversity, pp. 3-6, <https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/dk/dk-nbsap-v2-en.pdf>. Retrieved on March 4, 2024.
Defence Command Denmark, 2016/9. “Military Manual,” Defence Command Denmark, <https://www.forsvaret.dk/globalassets/fko---forsvaret/dokumenter/publikationer/-military-manual-updated-2020-2.pdf>. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
Energistyrelsen, 2010/4/15. “Ny fremskrivning af udviklingen i energiforbrug og drivhusgasser,” Energistyrelsen, <https://ens.dk/presse/ny-fremskrivning-af-udviklingen-i-energiforbrug-og-drivhusgasser>. Retrieved on February 29, 2024.
European Commission Energy, Climate change, Environment, “Natura 2000,” Nature and biodiversity, <https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/natura-2000_en>. Retrieved on February 28, 2024.
European Commission, “Northern agreements,” European Commission, <https://oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/fisheries/international-agreements/northern-agreements_en#trilateral-agreements>. Retrieved on December 30, 2023.
European Commission, “Regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs),” European Commission, <https://oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/fisheries/international-agreements/regional-fisheries-management-organisations-rfmos_en>. Retrieved on December 30, 2023.
European Commission, “The General Court confirms the validity of the Regulation on the marketing of seal products,” European Commission, <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/cje_13_55>. Retrieved on January 10, 2024.
European Commission, “Wildlife trade - EU and international measures to protect endangered species from illegal trade,” European Commission, <https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/wildlife-trade_en>. Retrieved on January 12, 2024.
European Commission, 2012/6/13. “Greenland's raw materials potential and the EU strategic needs,” European Commission, <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_12_428>.
European Commission, 2014. General Union Environment Action Programme to 2020: Living well, within the limits of our planet. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Publications Office of the European Union, <https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/1d861dfb-ae0c-4638-83ab-69b234bde376>. Retrieved on November 28, 2023.
European Commission, 2020/4/22. “Agreed Record of Conclusions of Fisheries Consultations Between Norway, The European Union and The Faroe Islands on Control Measures for Pelagic Stocks in the North-East Atlantic for 2020,” European Commission, <https://oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-04/2020-norway-fisheries-consultations-control-measures_en.pdf>. Retrieved on December 30, 2023.
European Commission, 2022/11. “Agreed Record of Conclusions of Fisheries Consultations Between Norway, The European Union and The Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland and The United Kingdom on Control Measures for Pelagic Stocks in the North-East Atlantic for 2020,” European Commission, <https://oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-12/2022-coastal-states-fisheries-consultations-control-measures_en.pdf>. Retrieved on December 30, 2023.
European Court of Auditors, 2021. “The Polluter Pays Principle: Inconsistent application across EU environmental policies and actions,” European Court of Auditors, pp. 1-40. <https://www.eca.europa.eu/lists/ecadocuments/sr21_12/sr_polluter_pays_principle_en.pdf>. Retrieved on November 28, 2023.Government of Greenland, 2009/12/7. “Mineral Resources Act (No. 7 of 2009),” Government of Greenland, pp. 1-37, FAOLEX Database, <https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC118483/>. Retrieved on December 6, 2023.
European Environment Agency, 2017/6/14. “Arctic continental shelf claims: Overview of the territorial claims of the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean,” European Environment Agency, <https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/arctic-continental-shelf-claims>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
European Union, 1997/2/22. “Agreement between the European Community, of the one part, and the Government of Denmark and the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, of the other part,” EUR-Lex, Document 01997A0222(01)-20150512, <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1543184944823&uri=CELEX:01997A0222(01)-20150512>. Retrieved on January 14, 2024.
European Union, 1997/2/22. “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions REPowerEU Plan,” EUR-Lex, Document 52022DC0230, <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2022%3A230%3AFIN>. Retrieved on March 2, 2024.
European Union, 2012/10/26. “Consolidated Version of The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,” European Union, pp. 1-344, FAOLEX Database, <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32021D1764>. Retrieved on January 14, 2024.
European Union, 2014/3/14. “Council Decision 2014/137/EU of 14 March 2014 on relations between the European Union on the one hand, and Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark on the other,” European Union, pp. 1-5, FAOLEX Database, <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2014.076.01.0001.01.ENG>. Retrieved on January 19, 2024.
European Union, 2021/10/7. “Council Decision (EU) 2021/1764 of 5 October 2021 on the association of the Overseas Countries and Territories with the European Union including relations between the European Union on the one hand, and Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark on the other (Decision on the Overseas Association, including Greenland),” European Union, pp. 1-129, FAOLEX Database, <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32021D1764>. Retrieved on January 14, 2024.
European Union, 2021/5/18. “Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Union, of the one part, and the Government of Greenland and the Government of Denmark, of the other part,” European Union, pp. 1-38, FAOLEX Database, <https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC213405/>. Retrieved on January 14, 2024.
Government of Greenland, 2012/12/18. “Act amending the Mineral Resources Act (No. 26 of 2012),” Government of Greenland, pp. 1-6, FAOLEX Database, <https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC118484>. Retrieved on December 6, 2023.
Government of Iceland, 2020/12. “Greenland and Iceland in the New Arctic,” The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, p. 140, <https://www.government.is/library/01-Ministries/Ministry-for-Foreign-Affairs/PDF-skjol/Greenland-Iceland-rafraen20-01-21.pdf>. Retrieved on December 4, 2023.
Government of Iceland, 2021/9/23. “Signing of a joint declaration on increased co-operation between Iceland and Greenland,” Government of Iceland, <https://www.government.is/diplomatic-missions/embassy-article/2021/09/23/Signing-of-a-joint-declaration-on-increased-co-operation-between-Iceland-and-Greenland/>. Retrieved on January 14, 2024.
Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, “Greenland Climate Research Centre,” About Greenland Climate Research Centre, <https://natur.gl/about-us/silap-pissusianik-ilisimatusarfik/?lang=en >. Retrieved on January 23, 2024.
IBRU, 2023/3. “Continental shelf submissions in the Central Arctic Ocean - Colour version,” IBRU Arctic Maps Series, available at <https://www.durham.ac.uk/research/institutes-and-centres/ibru-borders-research/maps-and-publications/maps/arctic-maps-series/>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
InterForce, 2019/12/2. “InterForce åbner sekretariat i Grønland,” InterForce, <https://www.interforce.dk/interforce-aabner-sekretariat-i-groenland-2/>. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
International Maritime Organization, 2002/12/23. “Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice-Covered Waters,” International Maritime Organization, <https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/gcil_1056-MEPC-Circ399.pdf >. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
International Maritime Organization, 2015/5/15. “International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code),” Maritime Safety, <https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/safety/pages/polar-code.aspx>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
International Whaling Commission, “Catch Limits for Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling,” International Whaling Commission, <https://iwc.int/management-and-conservation/whaling/aboriginal/html_76>. Retrieved on January 12, 2024.
International Whaling Commission, “Scientific advice on Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling,” International Whaling Commission, <https://iwc.int/index.php?cID=html_498>. Retrieved on January 12, 2024.
Mineral Resources Authority, 2015. “Guidelines for preparing an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report for mineral exploitation in Greenland,” Government of Greenland (Naalakkersuisut), pp. 1-24, <https://govmin.gl/exploration-prospecting/get-an-exploration-licence/environment/>. Retrieved on December 6, 2023.
Mineral Resources Authority, 2020. “Social Impact Assessment (SIA),” Government of Greenland (Naalakkersuisut), <https://govmin.gl/exploitation/get-an-exploitation-licence/social-impact-assessment-sia/>. Retrieved on December 6, 2023.
Ministry of Environment and Nature, Government of Greenland, 2014. “The Fifth National Report Greenland,” Convention on Biological Diversity, p. 4, <https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/dk/dk-nr-05-oth-en.pdf>. Retrieved on March 4, 2024.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark: Denmark in China, “Green cooperation,” Green Diplomacy, <https://kina.um.dk/en/about-denmark/green-diplomacy/green-cooperation>. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
MOSAiC, 2018/4. “Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate—Implementation Plan,” International Arctic Science Committee, <https://www.mosaic-expedition.org>. Retrieved on February 22, 2024.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2013/11/2. “Report of 2nd Scientific Meeting on Arctic Fish Stocks, Tromsø 28-31 October 2013,” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), <https://apps-afsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/documents/Arctic_fish_stocks_third_meeting/508_Documents/508_Report%20of%202nd%20Scientific%20Meeting%20on%20Arctic%20Fish%20Stocks%2028%2031%20October%202013_unlocked.pdf>. Retrieved on December 23, 2023.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2014/2/24-2/26. “Arctic Fisheries Nuuk Chairmans and ToR for 3rd Meeting,” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), <https://apps-afsc.fisheries.noaa.gov/documents/Arctic_fish_stocks_third_meeting/508_Documents/508_Arctic%20Fisheries%20Nuuk%20Chairmans%20and%20ToR%20for%203rd%20Meeting.pdf>. Retrieved on December 23, 2023.
National Snow and Ice Data Center, 2020/5/4. “Climate Change in the Arctic”, Arctic Weather and Climate, <https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/arctic-meteorology/climate_change.html>. Retrieved Febuary 12, 2022.
NordForsk, 2015. “Nordic initiative on Arctic Research,” NordForsk, <https://www.nordforsk.org/research-areas/nordic-initiative-arctic-research>. Retrieved on February 20, 2024.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 2023/7/4. “Collective defence and Article 5,” North Atlantic Treaty Organization, <https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_110496.htm>. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
North Sea Offshore Authorities Forum (NSOAF), 2018/6/7. “NSOAF Summary Report Multinational Audit – Maintaining Safe Operations,” North Sea Offshore Authorities Forum (NSOAF), pp. 1-28, <https://www.havtil.no/en/about-us/international-collaboration/nsoaf/>. Retrieved on December 29, 2023.
Northern Sea Route Information Office, 2021/8/28. “Analysys of Shipping traffic in the NSR waters in 2020,” Northern Sea Route Information Office News, <https://arctic-lio.com/analysys-of-shipping-traffic-in-the-nsr-waters-in-2020/>. Retrieved on January 15, 2024.
Nukissiorfiit, 2023. “Om Nukissiorfiit,” Nukissiorfiit, <https://nukissiorfiit.gl/da/om>. Retrieved on December 22, 2023.
Ocean & Law of the Sea (United Nation), 2010/1/8. “Chronological lists of ratifications of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements”, United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, <https://www.un.org/Depts/los/reference_files/chronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm>. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
Oceana, 2011/5/18. “Towards a sustainable Common Fisheries Policy – 10 Recommendations,” Oceana , <https://europe.oceana.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/Towards_a_Sustainable_CFP_-_10_Recommendations_-_OCEANA.pdf>. Retrieved on November 22, 2023.
Paris MOU on Port State Control, 2022/7/1. “Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control,” PMoU Procedures Library, <https://www.parismou.org/sites/default/files/Paris%20MoU%20including%2044th%20amendment.pdf>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME), 2020/3/31. “Arctic Shipping Status Report #1: The Increase in Arctic Shipping,” Arctic Ship Traffic Data (ASTD), pp. 1-25, available at <https://pame.is/document-library/pame-reports-new/pame-ministerial-deliverables/2021-12th-arctic-council-ministerial-meeting-reykjavik-iceland/793-assr-1-the-increase-in-arctic-shipping-2013-2019/file>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
Shipping and Aviation Rescue Council, 2020/6. “THE SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICE IN GREENLAND: SAR – GREENLAND (Volume 1),” pp. 1-153, <https://www.forsvaret.dk/globalassets/fko---varnsfalles/ako/dokumenter/2021/-210727-sar-greenland-vol-i-june-2020-english-version-1.0-.pdf>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
The Government of Greenland Ministry of Fisheries, Hunting & Agriculture, 2018/6. “White Paper on Management and Utilization of Large Whales in Greenland,” The Government of Greenland(Naalakkersuisut), pp. 1-93, <https://archive.iwc.int/pages/download.php?direct=1&noattach=true&ref=7501&ext=pdf&k=>. Retrieved on January 12, 2024.
The Government of the Faroe Islands, “Foreign Trade” The Government of the Faroe Islands, <https://www.government.fo/en/foreign-relations/foreign-trade>. Retrieved on January 21, 2024.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2020. “Recommendation of the Council on Guiding Principles concerning International Economic Aspects of Environmental Policies,” OECD/LEGAL/0102, pp. 1-7. <https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/public/doc/4/4.en.pdf>. Retrieved on November 28, 2023.
The Organization for World Peace, 2021/12. “Arctic Circle Territorial Conflicts,” Climate and Environmental Conflicts, <https://theowp.org/crisis_index/arctic-circle-territorial-conflicts/>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
The World Bank, “Arable land (% of land area) - Faroe Islands,” The World Bank Data, <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS?end=2021&locations=FO&start=2014&view=chart>. The World Bank, “Agricultural land (% of land area) - Faroe Islands,” The World Bank Data, <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.ZS?end=2021&locations=FO&start=2014&view=chart>. Retrieved on January 12, 2024.
T-MOSAiC, 2018. “Terrestrial Multidisciplinary distributed Observatories for the Study of Arctic Connections—Science Plan,” International Arctic Science Committee, December, <https://www.t-mosaic.com/science.html>. Retrieved on February 22, 2024.
U.S. Geological Survey, 2008. “Circum-arctic resource appraisal: Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the Arctic Circle,” Ver. 1, pp. 1-4. <https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs20083049>. Retrieved on December 3, 2023.
Udenrigsministeriet, 2022/3/3. “Joint Statement on Arctic Council Cooperation following Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine,” Udenrigsministeriet, <https://web.archive.org/web/20220604082246/https://via.ritzau.dk/pressemeddelelse/joint-statement-on-arctic-council-cooperation-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine?publisherId=2012662&releaseId=13645015>. Retrieved on February 29, 2024.
United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management Staff Consultant, 2016. “Denmark-Legal Framework,” United Nations Global Geospatial Information Management Knowledge Base, <https://ggim.un.org/knowledgebase/Print51514.aspx>. Retrieved on January 21, 2024.
United Nations Treaty Collection, 1982/12/10. “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,” Chapter XXI Law of the Sea, <https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
United Nations, 1982/12/10. “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),” United Nations. Available at: Library of The Faculty of Law, “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), General Law of the Sea, <https://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/08/8-01/unclos.xml>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
University of Copenhagen, “About EastGRIP,” EastGRIP – The East Greenland Ice Core Project, <https://eastgrip.nbi.ku.dk/about/>. Retrieved on January 26, 2024.
University of Copenhagen, “About NEEM,” NEEM – North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling, < https://neem.dk/about_neem/>. Retrieved on January 26, 2024.
White House, “Arctic Executive Steering Committee (AESC),” OSTP teams, <https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/ostps-teams/climate-and-environment/arctic-executive-steering-committee-aesc/>. Retrieved on June 25, 2024.
World Trade Organization, “Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes,” World Trade Organization, <https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/28-dsu.pdf >. Retrieved on January 17, 2024.
（二）、新聞資料
林惟崧，2015/7/25。〈丹麥法羅群島年度屠鯨節 汪洋大海血色一片〉，《風傳媒》， <https://www.storm.mg/article/58733>。瀏覽日期：2024年1月15日。
Ackrén, Maria, 2019. “From bilateral to trilateral agreement: The case of Thule Air Base,” Arctic Yearbook, <https://arcticyearbook.com/arctic-yearbook/2019/2019-scholarly-papers/304-from-bilateral-to-trilateral-agreement-the-case-of-thule-air-base>. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
Ahlstrøm, Andreas P., 2011. “An Extreme Year for the Greenland Ice Sheet,” Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet, No. 1, <https://promice.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Newsletter_01.pdf>. Retrieved on February 25, 2024.
Andersen, Niels, 2008/1/1. “A76 UNCLOS – A Danish Approach,” Hydro International, <https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/a76-unclos-a-danish-approach>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
Barrett, Michael, 2024/2/14. “Denmark's military spending now in line with Nato GDP target,” The Local Denmark, <https://www.thelocal.dk/20240214/denmarks-military-spending-now-in-line-with-nato-gdp-target>. Retrieved on May 25, 2024.
Bas-Wohlert, Camille, 2020/10/28. “Arctic sea ice at record low October levels: Danish institute”, Science X Daily, <https://phys.org/news/2020-10-arctic-sea-ice-october-danish.html>. Retrieved Febuary 12, 2022.
Beaumont, Peter, 2022/6/14. “Canada and Denmark end decades-long dispute over barren rock in Arctic,” The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/14/canada-denmark-end-decades-long-dispute-barren-rock-arctic-hans-island>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
Bell, Jim, 2011/4/4. “Greenland’s mine school: quality learning, in English,” Nunatsiaq News, <https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/004067_greenlands_mine_school_quality_learning_in_english/>. Retrieved on January 20, 2024.
Bell, Jim, 2011/4/4. “Greenland’s mine school: quality learning, in English,” Nunatsiaq News, <https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/004067_greenlands_mine_school_quality_learning_in_english/>. Retrieved on January 20, 2024.
Bennett, Mia, 2014/4/2. “The tyranny of time and distance in Arctic SAR,” Cryopolitics, <https://www.cryopolitics.com/2014/04/02/the-tyranny-of-time-and-distance-in-arctic-sar/>. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
Bentzen, Naja & Alessandro D'Alfonso, 2019/4. “EU cooperation with Greenland: How the EU budget is spent,” European Parliamentary Research Service, <https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2019/637922/EPRS_BRI(2019)637922_EN.pdf>. Retrieved on January 20, 2024.
Bjerregaard, Peter, Durita Lyngsø Svartá & Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen, 2023/3/21. “Social ulighed i sundhed,” Temarapport fra Befolkningsundersøgelsen i Grønland 2018, <https://www.sdu.dk/da/sif/rapporter/2023/social_ulighed_i_sundhed_i_groenland>. Retrieved on January 23, 2024.
Bjørnsson, Iben, 2017/4/15. “The air base: Just in time,” The Arctic Journal, <https://web.archive.org/web/20170415092849/http://arcticjournal.com/culture/3091/air-base-just-time >. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
Bye, Hilde-Gunn, 2020/8/19. “Denmark Steps Up in Greenland, Sends Political Advisor to Nuuk,” High North News, <https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/denmark-steps-greenland-sends-political-advisor-nuuk>. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
Bye, Hilde-Gunn, 2022/12/19. “The USA Awards New Contract For Thule Air Base: Reverting Back to Greenlandic Control,” High North News, <https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/usa-awards-new-contract-thule-air-base-reverting-back-greenlandic-control>. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
Bye, Hilde-Gunn, 2023/5/3. “Denmark Wants to Prioritize Arctic Defense and Put the Baltic Sea Second,” High North News, <https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/denmark-wants-prioritize-arctic-defense-and-put-baltic-sea-second>. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
Bye, Hilde-Gunn, 2023/5/31. “Denmark to Strengthen Defense in the Arctic and the Baltic Sea,” High North News, <https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/denmark-strengthen-defense-arctic-and-baltic-sea>. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
Cepinskyte, Agne & Michael Paul, 2021/2/11. “Arctic Security Environment in Flux: Mitigating Geopolitical Competition through a Military-Security Dialogue,” The Arctic Institute, <https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/arctic-security-environment-flux-mitigating-geopolitical-competition-military-security-dialogue/>. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
Chuffart, Romain, 2019/9/6. “French and Danish Navies Hold Joint SAR Exercises in Greenland’s Waters,” High North News, <https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/french-and-danish-navies-hold-joint-sar-exercises-greenlands-waters>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
Collins, Jeffrey F., 2017/9. “The Arctic in an Age of Geopolitical Change: Assessment and Recommendations,” Valdai Papers, <https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/the-arctic-in-an-age-of-geopolitical-change-assessment-and-recommendations/>. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
Conley, Heather A. & Matthew Melino & Nikos Tsafos, Ian Williams, 2020. America's Arctic Moment: Great Power Competition in the Arctic to 2050. Washington, DC: CSIS, Center for Strategic and International Studies, <https://www.csis.org/analysis/americas-arctic-moment-great-power-competition-arctic-2050>. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
Counillon, François & Astrid Elisabeth Ogilvie, 2016. “Arctic Climate Predictions: Pathways to Resilient, Sustainable Societies (ARCPATH),” NordForsk, <https://www.nordforsk.org/projects/arctic-climate-predictions-pathways-resilient-sustainable-societies-arcpath>. Retrieved on February 20, 2024.
Семенов, Алексей, 2023/5/31. “Дания утроит военные расходы: обеспокоены ростом напряжения от Атлантики до Балтики,” EurAsia Daily, <https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2023/05/31/daniya-utroit-voennye-rashody-obespokoeny-rostom-napryazheniya-ot-atlantiki-do-baltiki>. Retrieved on April 16, 2024.
Depledge, Duncan, Mathieu Boulègue, Andrew Foxall & Dmitriy Tulupov, 2019. “Why we need to talk about military activity in the Arctic: Towards an Arctic Military Code of Conduct,” Arctic Yearbook, <https://arcticyearbook.com/arctic-yearbook/2019/2019-briefing-notes/328-why-we-need-to-talk-about-military-activity-in-the-arctic-towards-an-arctic-military-code-of-conduct>. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
Dolman, Sarah, 2023/6/5. “Thousands of small whales and dolphins slaughtered in Greenland’s poorly regulated hunts,” Environmental Investigation Agency, <https://eia-international.org/blog/thousands-of-small-whales-and-dolphins-slaughtered-in-greenlands-poorly-regulated-hunts/>. Retrieved on January 10, 2024.
Doyle, Alister, 2016/6/15. “In Greenland, some suggest the unthinkable - rejoin the EU,” Reuters, <https://web.archive.org/web/20220630161616/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-greenland-idUSKCN0Z01PV>. Retrieved on January 10, 2024.
Drawbaugh, Kevin, 2007/11/1. “U.S. Senate panel backs Law of the Sea treaty,” Science X Daily, <https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN31335584>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
Edvardsen, Astri, 2022/8/8. “Ny avtale sikrer Grønland forsvarspolitisk medvirkning,” High North News, <https://www.highnorthnews.com/nb/ny-avtale-sikrer-gronland-forsvarspolitisk-medvirkning>. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
Edvardsen, Astri, 2023/11/13. “The Danish Armed Forces Launches New Arctic Education Program in Greenland,” The High North News, <https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/danish-armed-forces-launches-new-arctic-education-program-greenland>. Retrieved on April 16, 2024.
Edvardsen, Astri, 2023/2/10. “Denmark Wants to Strengthen Foreign and Security Policy Cooperation With Greenland and the Faroe Islands,” High North News, <https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/denmark-wants-strengthen-foreign-and-security-policy-cooperation-greenland-and-faroe-islands>. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
Ellekrog, Ole, 2024/3/13. “Inuit Knowledge to be included in Greenland’s new military education,” Polar Journal, <https://polarjournal.ch/en/2024/03/13/inuit-knowledge-to-be-included-in-greenlands-new-military-education/>. Retrieved on June 14, 2024.
Gregoire, Lisa, 2014/5/15. “Greenland pushing ahead with oil and gas development,” Nunatsiaq News, <https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674greenland_pushing_ahead_with_oil_and_gas_development/>. Retrieved on December 7, 2023.
Gustafsson, P., 2021/10. “Russia´s ambitions in the Arctic towards 2035,” Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut, pp. 1-2, <https://www.foi.se/rapporter/rapportsammanfattning.html?reportNo=FOI+Memo+7624>. Retrieved on March 5, 2024.
Gustafsson, Pär, 2021/10/11. “Russia´s ambitions in the Arctic towards 2035,” Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI Memo 7624, pp. 1-2, FOI Reports, <https://www.foi.se/rapporter/rapportsammanfattning.html?reportNo=FOI+Memo+7624 >. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
Herrmann, Victoria & Andreas Raspotnik, 2016/2/10. “A Quick Start Guide to the Arctic and UNCLOS,” The Arctic Institute, <https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/TAI-Quick-Start-to-UNCLOS.pdf>. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
Hoag, Hannah, 2016/10/12. “Greenland’s Education Minister: ‘We Must Invest in Our People’,” The New Humanitarian, <https://deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/arctic/community/2016/10/12/greenlands-education-minister-we-must-invest-in-our-people>. Retrieved on January 20, 2024.
Ingemann, Christine, Barbara J. Regeer & Christina V. L. Larsen, 2018/12/7. “Determinants of an integrated public health approach: the implementation process of Greenland’s second public health program,” BMC Public Health 18, Article 1353, <https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-6253-4>. Retrieved on January 28, 2024.
Jervelund, Christian, Signe Rølmer Vejgaard & Lærke Kilsdal, 2020/2. “Greenland’s Mineral Strategy 2020-2024,” Copenhagen Economics, <https://copenhageneconomics.com/publication/greenlands-mineral-strategy-2020-2024/>. Retrieved on December 8, 2023.
Jonassen, Trine, 2023/3/30. “Security Issues Have Taken Over the Arctic Agenda, says Swedish and Danish Arctic Ambassadors,” High North News, <https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/security-issues-have-taken-over-arctic-agenda-says-swedish-and-danish-arctic-ambassadors>. Retrieved on June 25, 2024.
Jyllands-Posten, 2020/8/6. “Danmark sender politisk rådgiver til Nuuk,” Jyllands-Posten, <https://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE12324436/danmark-sender-politisk-raadgiver-til-nuuk/>. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
Klimenko, Ekaterina, 2020/4/4. “Russia’s new Arctic policy document signals continuity rather than change,” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Commentary Essays, < https://www.sipri.org/commentary/essay/2020/russias-new-arctic-policy-document-signals-continuity-rather-change>. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
Lee, Willett, 2023/2/13. “Denmark Begins Procurement Process to Deliver New Capabilities For Arctic Operations,” Naval News, <https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/02/denmark-begins-procurement-process-to-deliver-new-capabilities-for-arctic-operations/>. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
Leonard, Dick, 2006/9/15. “A new deal for Greenland and the EU?,” The Foreign Policy Centre, <https://fpc.org.uk/a-new-deal-for-greenland-and-the-eu/>. Retrieved on January 15, 2024.
Lithuanian Armed Forces, 2014/6/29. “The last military equipment and participants of Saber Strike 2014 are on their way home,” Lithuanian Armed Forces News & Events, <https://kariuomene.lt/en/newsevents/the-last-military-equipment-and-participants-of-saber-strike-2014-are-on-their-way-home/11201 >. Retrieved on April 13, 2024.
Madden, Sean, 2023/11/29. “New York Air Guard Trains With Danish Special Forces In Greenland,” Air National Guard, <https://www.ang.af.mil/Media/Article-Display/Article/3600723/new-york-air-guard-trains-with-danish-special-forces-in-greenland/>. Retrieved on June 25, 2024.
Matzen, Erik & Tom Daly, 2018/3/22. “Greenland's courting of China for airport projects worries Denmark,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-arctic-greenland-idUSKBN1GY25Y>. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
McGwin, Kevin, 2017/10/11. “Denmark’s new military spending plan doesn’t boost forces in the Arctic,” Arctic Business Journal, <https://www.arctictoday.com/denmarks-new-military-spending-plan-doesnt-boost-forces-in-the-arctic/>. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
McGwin, Kevin, 2020/5/15. “A new Danish Arctic strategy is expected by end of year, despite coronavirus disruptions,” Arctic Business Journal, <https://www.arctictoday.com/a-new-danish-arctic-strategy-is-expected-by-end-of-year-despite-coronavirus-disruptions/>. Retrieved on June 26, 2024.
Mehdiyeva, Nazrin, 2021/6/25. “Strategy of development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation and the provision of national security for the period to 2035,” NATO Defense College Russia Studies Series, <https://www.ndc.nato.int/research/research.php?icode=703#top>. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
Milne, Richard, 2021/2/15. “Denmark raises investment in Arctic surveillance to counter Russian build-up,” Financial Times, <https://www.ft.com/content/009f4c48-732d-4730-b396-f996588ca845>. Retrieved on April 13, 2024.
Nagesh, Ashitha, 2019/8/24. “'This is very scary': Greenlanders on Trump wanting to buy their island,” BBC News, <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49436197>. Retrieved on April 10, 2024.
Nielsen, Thomas L., 2023/3/13. “The Sirius Patrol,” European security and defence, <https://euro-sd.com/2023/03/articles/29997/the-sirius-patrol/>. Retrieved November 1, 2023.
Noahsen, Paneeraq, Louise Lohmann Faber, Silvia Isidor, Jannik Fonager, Morten Rasmussen & Henrik L Hansen, 2023/7/20. “The COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland, epidemic features and impact of early strict measures, March 2020 to June 2022,” Eurosurveillance, Vol. 28, Issue 29, pp. 1-11, <https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.29.2200767#metrics_content>. Retrieved on January 26, 2024.
O'Hanlon, John, 2019/3/9. “Rich cake under the icing,” Business Excellence Magazine, <https://www.bus-ex.com/sites/default/files/2019-09/BMP-Greenland-SPR-Bro-s.pdf>. Retrieved on November 29, 2023.
Ottendahl, Charlotte Brandstrup, Durita Lyngsø Svartá, Peter Bjerregaard, Ingelise Olesen & Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen, 2022/1/17. “Kommunal sundhedsprofil - Befolkningsundersøgelse i Grønland 2018,” Befolkningsundersøgelsen i Grønland 2018, <https://www.sdu.dk/da/sif/rapporter/2021/kommunal_sundhedsprofil_dk>. Retrieved on January 23, 2024.
Ottendahl, Charlotte Brandstrup, Peter Bjerregaard, Durita Lyngsø Svartá, Ivalu Katajavaara Sørensen, Ingelise Olesen, Martine Stecher Nielsen & Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen, 2021/6/28. “Mental sundhed og helbred blandt 15-34-årige i Grønland,” Betydningen af opvækstvilkår, beskyttende faktorer og risikofaktorer, <https://www.sdu.dk/da/sif/rapporter/2021/mental_sundhed_unge_groenland_dk>. Retrieved on January 23, 2024.
Patar, Dustin, 2020/1/27. “Inuit exemption to European Union’s seal product ban is ineffective: report,” Nunatsiaq News, <https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/inuit-exemption-to-european-unions-seal-product-ban-is-ineffective-report/>. Retrieved on January 10, 2024.Statbank Greenland, “Population January 1st 2011-2020,” Statbank Greenland, <https://bank.stat.gl/pxweb/en/Greenland/Greenland__BE__BE01__BE0120/BEXSTA.px/table/tableViewLayout1/>. Retrieved on November 29, 2023.
Pengelly, Martin, 2019/8/18. “Trump confirms he is considering attempt to buy Greenland,” The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/18/trump-considering-buying-greenland>. Retrieved on April 10, 2024.
Редакция Правда.Ру, 2019/12/5. “Дания выражает беспокойство о ситуации в Арктике,” Pravda.ru, <https://www.pravda.ru/news/world/1456895-dania/>. Retrieved on April 16, 2024.
Rachold, Volker, 2022. “Success Stories of International Cooperation in the Arctic,” Arctic Circle, <https://www.arcticcircle.org/journal/success-stories-of-international-cooperation-in-the-arctic>. Retrieved on February 22, 2024.
Reuters, 2019/12/4. “Danish PM suggests increasing Arctic surveillance in response to Russian activity,” Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/article/world/danish-pm-suggests-increasing-arctic-surveillance-in-response-to-russian-activit-idUSKBN1Y724B/>. Retrieved on April 13, 2024.
Robert, Huebert, 2009/5. “United States Arctic Policy: The Reluctant Arctic Power,” University of Calgary Publications Series, Vol. 2, Iss. 2, pp. 1-27, SSRN, <https://ssrn.com/abstract=3053702>. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
Selvstyre, Grønlands, 2014/12/22. “Selvstyrets bekendtgørelse nr. 12 af 22. december 2014 om beskyttelse og fangst af store hvaler,” FAOLEX Database, <https://leap.unep.org/en/countries/national-legislation/order-no-12-protection-and-hunting-large-whales>. Retrieved on January 14, 2024.
Solsvik, Terje & Nerijus Adomaitis, 2021/4/16. “Norway to allow U.S. military to build on its soil in new accord”, Reuters, <https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/norway-may-allow-us-military-build-its-soil-revised-cooperation-deal-2021-04-16/?taid=60798353c18bb900010d1b36&utm_campaign=trueAnthem:+Trending+Content&utm_medium=trueAnthem&utm_source=twitter>. Retrieved Febuary 15, 2022.
Sørensen, Camilla Tenna Nørup, 2020/6/8. “Forsker: Den danske Kina-satsning er under voldsomt pres,” Altinget, <https://www.altinget.dk/artikel/forsker-den-danske-kina-satsning-er-under-voldsomt-pres>. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
Sperling, James & Mark Webber, 2016/12/5. “NATO and the Ukraine crisis: Collective securitization,” European Journal of International Security, Vol. 2, Iss. 1, pp. 19-46, <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-international-security/article/nato-and-the-ukraine-crisis-collective-securitisation/E5EEFF2446628BE886EB5106771E32F5>. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
Steindal, Eirik Hovland & Marianne Karlsson & Erlend A. T. Hermansen & Trude Borch & Froukje Maria Platjouw, 2021. “From Arctic Science to Global Policy – Addressing Multiple Stressors Under the Stockholm Convention,” Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 12, pp. 80-107, Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing, <https://arcticreview.no/index.php/arctic/article/view/2681/5155>. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
The Baltic Times, 2015/8/31. “NATO Silver Arrow 2015 exercises to take place in Latvia,” The Baltic Times, <https://www.baltictimes.com/nato_silver_arrow_2015_exercises_to_take_place_in_latvia/ >. Retrieved on April 13, 2024.
The Local Denmark, 2024/4/27. “US troops to mount exercise on Danish Baltic island,” The Local Denmark, <https://www.thelocal.dk/20240427/us-troops-to-mount-exercise-on-danish-baltic-island>. Retrieved on May 20, 2024.
Thompson, John, 2023/4/12. “WWU's Alia Khan takes her students to study snow and ice in Greenland – virtually - New curriculum developed via a grant from the National Science Foundation,” Western Washington University News, <https://news.wwu.edu/wwus-alia-khan-takes-her-students-to-study-snow-and-ice-in-greenland-virtually>. Retrieved on January 20, 2024.
TopWar, 2019/12/6. “Дания утроит расходы на оборону Арктики на фоне «российской угрозы»,” TopWar, <https://topwar.ru/165519-danija-utroit-rashody-na-oboronu-arktiki-na-fone-rossijskoj-ugrozy.html>. Retrieved on April 16, 2024.
Tysiachniouk, Maria S. & Laura A. Henry & Leah S. Horowitz, 2022. “Global Standards, Corporate Diagrams and Indigenous Agency: ExxonMobil in Russia and Alaska,” Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 13, pp. 1-31, Nordic Open Access Scholarly Publishing, <https://arcticreview.no/index.php/arctic/article/view/3549/6198>. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
Voosen, Paul, 2021/12/14. “The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world,” Science, <https://www.science.org/content/article/arctic-warming-four-times-faster-rest-world>. Retrieved on February 22, 2024.
Vørn, “Fiskiveiðieftirlitið,” Vørn, <https://www.vorn.fo/um-okkum/fiskiveidieftirlitid>. Retrieved on January 3, 2024.
Ward, Bob, Naomi Hicks & The Guardian, 2012/7/2. “What is the 'polluter pays' principle?,” The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/02/polluter-pays-climate-change>. Retrieved on November 28, 2023.
Webb, Tim, 2010/11/12. “Greenland wants $2bn bond from oil firms keen to drill in its Arctic waters,” The Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/nov/12/greenland-oil-drilling-bond>. Retrieved on March 5, 2024.
Wiesener, Kim, 2022/9/27. “Greenland climbs high on UN list of port connectivity,” Shippingwatch, <https://shippingwatch.com/Ports/article14440978.ece>. Retrieved on January 22, 2024.
Withers, Matt, 2023/5/27. “What the Faroe Islands want - The island nation in the north Atlantic has a bone to pick with the EU,” The New European, <https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/what-the-faroe-islands-want/>. Retrieved on December 26, 2023.