研究生: |
劉曾若 Liu, Tseng-Juo |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
人力資源管理對組織承諾影響之研究—以敬業貢獻度為中介變項 The Relationship between Human Resource Management and Organizational Commitment --Mediated by Employee Engagement |
指導教授: |
余鑑
Yu, Chien 于俊傑 Yu, Chin-Cheh |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
科技應用與人力資源發展學系 Department of Technology Application and Human Resource Development |
論文出版年: | 2011 |
畢業學年度: | 99 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 139 |
中文關鍵詞: | 人力資源管理 、敬業貢獻度 、組織承諾 |
英文關鍵詞: | Human Resources Management, employee engagement, organizational commitment |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:141 下載:16 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
在當今迅捷變遷及激烈競爭的環境中,人力是企業成功及致勝的關鍵因素。而留住人才的善策,則是如何運用有效的人力管理措施,以掌握員工對工作上的專注、活力與服務熱忱,才能對組織產生奉獻與忠誠之行為,使組織的根基厚實鞏固,並永續經營。過往研究顯示,人力資源管理措施可增進組織成員敬業貢獻度,而敬業貢獻度的投入程度將會影響到員工對於組織之承諾程度。因此,本研究旨在探討審計機關的人力資源管理活動,對於敬業貢獻度與組織承諾之影響。同時,並進一步以層級迴歸分析敬業貢獻度於人力資源管理與組織承諾之間之中介關係。研究結果期望能作為組織領導人或管理者於組織發展策略上應用之參考,藉由提昇敬業貢獻度或改善人力資源管理措施,進而提高組織成員之組織承諾。而本研究之對象為審計機關現職員工,以便利樣本方式郵寄及委託人力發送問卷來蒐集實證資料,總共發出270份問卷,問卷回收共計270份,有效問卷計264份,問卷有效率為97.78%。以下為本研究所獲致的結論,茲分述如下:
1. 人力資源管理對敬業貢獻度有正向影響。
2. 敬業貢獻度對組織承諾有正向影響。
3. 人力資源管理對組織承諾有正向影響。
4. 人力資源管理透過敬業貢獻度對組織承諾有部份中介效果。
Labor market plays a vitally important role in ensuring the success and achievement in enterprises under the circumstance of today’s rapid changes and intensive competitions. Effectively using human resource management is one of the best strategies to reserve labor power, which contributes to better understanding of employee’s concentration, vitality, and service enthusiasm toward their work. Moreover, employees will also end in showing their devotion and loyalty to the organizations, which strengthen the organizations as well as help them continuously to operate.
Previous research showed that the human resource management strategy promotes employees’ engagement in organizations; in addition, the level of employees’ work engagement also has an impact on the level of the employees’ devotion to the organizations. Therefore, the primary focus of the present study is to investigate the influence of human resource management in Audit institutions on the level of their employee engagement and their organizational commitment. In addition, the present study focuses on the association between human resource management and employees’ organizational commitment with the mediator of the level of employees’ work engagement by using hierarchical regression method. Totally 270 questionnaires were sent to employees in Audit institutions who are willing to assist this study and 264 effective samples were received in return with 97.78% effective ratio.
The preliminary results of the present study can be used as a reference for organization leaders or managers when applying organizational development strategies, which contributes to increase the level of employees’ devotion to organization by promoting employees’ work engagement and improving the strategies of human resource management. The preliminary results show:
1. The human resource management has a positive impact on employee engagement;
2. Employee engagement is positively related to organizational commitment;
3. The human resource management positively influences organizational commitment;
4. A small mediation effect of employee engagement shown on the relationship of human resource management and organizational commitment.
一、中文部分
丁虹(1987)。企業文化與組織承諾之關係研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文,未出版,臺北。
王保進(1999)。視窗版SPSS與行為科學研究宗,臺北:心理。
余鑑、于俊傑、蘇世昌(2009)。主管教練行為與員工知覺組織支持對組織承諾影響之研究。論文發表於國立臺北科技大學工業工程與管理系舉辦之「2009科技與管理」研討會,臺北。
吳明隆(2007)。SPSS與統計應用學習實務—問卷分析與應用統計。臺北:知城。
吳明隆、涂金堂(2005)。SPSS與統計應用分析(第二版)。臺北:五南。
吳明隆、涂金堂(2009)。SPSS與統計應用分析。臺北:五南。
吳秉恩(1991)。組織行為學。臺北:華泰。
宋志勇(2008)。人力資源管理措施對大陸臺商外派人員組織承諾及離職傾向影響之研究。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所論文,未出版,桃園。
李吉仁、王文靜、孫秀思、鄭呈皇(2007)。人才是策略的第一個步驟。商業周刊,1007。2010年5月15日,取自 http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/webarticle.php?id=25107
李隆盛、黃同圳(2000)。人力資源發展。臺北:師大書苑。
杜武林(2008)。個人價值觀、人力資源管理實務、組織氣候與規範性能力對組織承諾之影響─以臺灣銀行業為例。國立成功大學高階管理碩士在職專班研究所論文,未出版,高雄。
林月盛(2003)。國民中學教改壓力、組織衝突、權力運用與組織承諾關係之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系博士論文,未出版,高雄。
林怡君(2001)。觀光旅館人力資源管理實務.服務行為與服務品質關係之研究。中國文化大學觀光事業研究所論文,未出版,臺北。
林俊彥、林宜玄、郭宗賢、郭彥谷、何俐安(2006)。以禪修紓解工作壓力俾建構有效率的人力資源管理。健康管理學刊,4(2),181-194。
林俊傑(2007)。組織承諾的理論與相關研究之探討。學校行政雙月刊,51(9),35-53。
林姮妤(2007)。領導型態對員工組織自尊、敬業貢獻度與離職傾向之影響。國立臺北大學企業管理學系碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
林億明(2002)。團隊導向的人力資源管理實務對團隊知識分享與創新之影響。東吳大學企業管理研究碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
邱宜珊(2007)。觀光旅館業員工的工作生活品質與組織承諾之探討。南華大學旅遊事業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
邱皓政(2002)。量化研究與統計分析:SPSS 中文視窗版資料分析範例解析。臺北:五南。
邱皓政(2008)。結構方程模式的檢定力分析與樣本數決定。量化研究學刊,2(1),139-172。
邱馨儀(1995)。國民小學學校組織文化與教師組織承諾關係之研究。臺北市立師範學院初教研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
姜定宇、鄭伯壎(2003)。組織忠誠、組織承諾、及組織公民行為研究之回顧與前瞻。應用心理研究,19,175-209。
柯惠玲(1993)。個人特質、事業發展環境與組織承諾之研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文,未出版,臺北。
胡瓊泰(2000)。工作生活品質、組織承諾與組織公民行為之相關性研究-以高科技產業為例。國立中山人力資源管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄。
孫進發(2004)。員工對組織變革認知、轉業訓練、組織承諾與工作滿足關係之研究:以臺糖公司為例。長榮大學經營管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
張永政(1992)。學校專任運動教練工作價值觀與組織承諾關係之研究。臺灣體育學院體育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
張志毓(1996)。國民小學學教師組織承諾與專業承諾研究。國立臺北師範學院教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。臺北。
張品芬(1995)。高雄地區國民小學學教師組織文化知覺、學校環境特性與教師組織承諾程度關係之研究。國立臺南師範學院初等教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺南。
張瑞春(1997)。組織變革中組織氣候對工作投入、組織承諾及工作滿足影響之研究-以中國石油公司高雄營業處為例。國立中山人力資源管理研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄。
郭宗賢(2007)。人力資源管理、組織學習、組織創新、知識管理能耐對組織績效關聯性之研究-以我國電子工業上市上櫃科技公司為例。國立臺北科技大學技術及職業教育研究所博士論文,未出版,臺北。
陳怡君(2001)。職業學校校長領導行為與教師組織承諾關係之研究。國立彰化師範大學工業教育學系碩士論文,未出版,彰化。
陳金水(1989)。國民中學教師制握信念、工作經驗與組織承諾之關係。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄。
曾南薰(1998)。我國教師組織承諾之整合分析。國立嘉義師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義。
黃正雄、黃國隆(2003)。價值觀一致性對人力資源措施與組織承諾間關係的中介效果。人力資源管理學報,3,115-133。
黃英忠、吳復新、趙必孝(2005)。人力資源管理。臺北:空大。
黃祥宗(2007)。臺北市國民小學人力資源管理與行政人員組織承諾之關係研究。國立臺北教育大學教育政策與管理研究所,未出版,臺北。
詹萬廷(2002)。彰化縣國民小學校長行政決定方式對教師組織承諾影響之研究。臺中師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺中。
銓敘部(2009)。銓敘部法規釋例彙編。臺北:銓敘部。
銓敘部(2010)。公務人員人力素質統計季報。2010年5月10日,取自http://www.mocs.gov.tw/ statistic/main_statistic_b.aspx?sl_id=14030101
劉春榮(1993)。國民小學組織結構、組織承諾與學校效能關係研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文,未出版,臺北。
劉毓玲(譯)(2000)。P. F. Drucker著。典範移轉:杜拉克看未來管理。臺北:天下。
審計部(2010)。政府審計年報。臺北:審計部。
審計部(2011)。政府審計年報。臺北:審計部。
蔡秀琴(2006)。國立大學行政人員心理契約、組織承諾與組織公民行為關係之研究。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
蔡尚鈞(2009)。運用結構方程模式探討社會資本與組織承諾之關聯性—以員工工作投入為中介變項。國立臺灣師範大學工業科技教育學系碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
蔡寬信(1993)。國民小學學校組織氣候、教師內外控信念與教師組織承諾關係之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
賴幸如(2011)。工作要求—資源、工作倦怠、組織承諾與離職傾向之關係探討-以國立自然科學博物館義工為例。國立成功大學高階管理碩士在職專班論文,未出版,高雄。
謝宜倩(2002)。國民小學教師對學校人力資源管理之執行成效與知覺及其組織承諾關係之研究。國立臺北師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
顏嘉信(2001)。企業甄選與培育員工之研究。南華大學教育社會學研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
鐘志明(2000)。企業文化、員工工作價值觀及組織承諾之關聯性研究-以臺灣地區主要集團企業為例。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北。
二、外文部份
Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective , continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18.
Angle, H. L., & Perry, J. L. (1981). An empirical assessment of the organization commitment and organization effectivene. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 1-14.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). The crossover of burnout and work engagement among working couples. Human Relations, 58(5), 661-689.
Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 132-140.
Biddle, B. J., & Thomas, E. J. (1996). Role theory: Concepts and research, New York: John Wiley.
Blizzard, R. (2003). Employee engagement: Where do hospitals begin? The Gallup Poll Tuesday Briefing, 11(2), 91.
Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. (2000). Strategic human resource management: Where have we come from and where should we be going? International Journal of Management Review, 2(2), 183-203.
Bratton, J., & Gold, J. (1994). Human resource management: Theory and practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Buchanan, B. (1974). Building organization commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533-546.
Buford, J. A. Jr., & Lindner, J. R. (2002). Human resource management in local government: Concepts and applications for HRM students and practitioners. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western.
Carvey, D. W. (1972). A study of selected psycho-social variables affecting the vocational nurse role (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas Tech University, Texas.
Coyle-Shapiro, J. A-M., & Morrow, P. C. (2006). Organization and client commitment among contracted employees. Journal of vocational behavior, 68(3), 416-431.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
David, K. (1984). Human relation and organizational behavior. New York: Free Press.
DeCenzo, D. A., & Robbins, S. P. (2002). Human resource management. New York, NY: Wiley.
Delaney, J. T., & Huselid, M. A. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949-969.
Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. H. (1996). Modes of theorizing in strategic human resources management: tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predications. Academy of Management Review, 39(4), 802-835.
Dessler, G. (2000). Human resource management (8th ed.). UK: Prentice Hall.
Farnell, D., & Rusbult, C. E. (1981). Exchange variables as predictors of job satisfaction, job commitment and turnover: The impact of reward, cost, alternatives and investment. Organizarional Behavior and Human Performance, 28, 120-126.
Fawcett, R. (2003). A relational and emotional approach to employee engagement. European Quality, 10(3), 46.
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Balkin, D. B., & Cardy, R. L. (2001). Managing human resources. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Goris, J. R., Vaught, B. C., & Pettit, J. D. (2003). Effects of Trust in Superiors and Influence of Superiors on the Association Between Individual-Job Congruence and Job Performance/Satisfaction. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17(3), 327-343.
Grusky, O. (1966). Career mobility and organzational commitment. Administrative Sciencel Quarterly, 10(4), 488-503.
Hackman, J. R. & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Hair, J., Anderson, J. R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hall, D. T., Schneider, B., & Nygren, H. T. (1970). Personal factors in organizational identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, 176-190.
Harding, S. (2004). Building an engaged workforce. Europe Quality, 10(2), 43.
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279.
Hodkinson, P., & Harvard, G. (1994). Action and reflection in teacher education. In Perspectives on Teacher Education (pp. 1-14). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub.
Honeyball, S., & Pearce, D. (2006). Contract, employment and the contract of employment. Industrial Law Journal, 35, 30-55.
Hoy, W. K., & Miskel, C. G. (1982). Educational Administration: Theory, Research, and Practice ( 6th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Hrebiniak, L. G., & Alutto, J. A. (1972). Personal and role-related factors in the development of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 555-573.
Huemann, M., Keegan, A., & Turner, J. R. (2007). Human resource management in the project-oriented company: A review. International Journal of Project Management, 25(3), 315-323.
Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 635-672.
Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing flow in physical activity: The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 133-150.
Jackson, S., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Flow in sports: the keys to optimal experiences and performances. Champaign. IL: Human Kinetics.
Jones, J. R., & Harter, J. K. (2004). Race effects on the employee engagement turnover intention relationship. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(2), 78-88.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 697-724.
Kahn, W. A. (1992). To be fully there: Psychological presence at work. Human Relations, 45, 321-350.
Kanter, R. M. (1968). Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanism in Utopian communities. American Sociological Review, 33, 499-514.
Koch, J. L. & Steers, R. M. (1978). Job attachment, satisfaction, and turnover among public sector employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 12(1), 119-128.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Kushman, J. W. (1992). The organizational dynamics of teacher workplace commitment: A study of urban elementary and middle schools . Educational Administration Quarterly, 28(1), 5-42.
Liao. H., & Chuang, A. (2004). A multilevel investigation of factors influencing employee service performance and customer outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 41-58.
Loosemore, M., Dainty, A., & Lingard, H. (2003). Human resource management in construction projects: Strategic and operational approaches. London : Spon Press.
Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strendths. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-75.
Marlow, S. (2006). Human resource management in smaller firms: A contradiction in terms? Human Resource Management Review, 16(4), 467-477.
Martell K., & Carroll S. J. (1955). How strategic is HRM? Human Resource Management, 34, 253-267.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organization cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annunal Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
Mathews, B. P., & Shepherd, J. L. (2002). Dimensionality of Cook and Wall’s 1980 British organizational commitment scale revisited. Journal of Occupational Organizational Psychology, 75, 369-375.
McLagan, P. A. (1989). Models for HRD practice. Training & Development Journal, 43(a). 49-59.
Milkovich, G. T., & Boudreau, J. W. (1994). Human resource management (7th ed.). US: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
Mitchell, T. R. (1979). Organizational behavior. Annual Review of psychology, 30, 243-281.
Morris, J. H., & Sherman, J. D. (1981). Generalizability of an organizational commitment model. Academy of Management Journal, 24, 512-526.
Morrow, P. C. (1983). Concept redundancy in organizational research: The case of worker commitment. Academy of Management Review, 8, 486-500.
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W. & Steers, R. M. (1982). New York: Academic Press. Employee-Organization Linkage, 20-56.
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247.
Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2003). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. NY: McGraw-Hill.
Ogilvie, J. R. (1986). The role of human resource management practices in predicting organizational commitment. Group & Organization Studies, 11(4), 335-359.
Peters, M. (2005). Entrepreneurial skills in leadership and human resource management evaluated by apprentices in small tourism businesses. Education & Training, 47(8-9), 575-591.
Pfeffer, J. (1994). Competitive advantage through people: Understanding the power of work force. Boston, MA: HBS Press.
Philpott, J. (2004). Chartered institute of personnel and development. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from http://www.employmentweek.com/store/documents/Discussion%20IX.pdf
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T. & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychological, 59(5), 63-69.
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247.
Porter, M. E. (1990). Competitive advantage of nations. New York: Free Press.
Randall, D. M. (1987). Commitment and the organization: The organizational manrevisited. Academy of Management Review, 12, 460-471.
Reichers, A. E. (1985). A review and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 465-476.
Reyes, P. (1990). Individual work orientation and teacher outcomes. Jorrnal of Educational Research, 83(6), 327-335.
Reyes, P., & Pounder, D. G. (1990). Teachers commitment, job satisfaction, and school value orientation: A study of public and private schools, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin.
Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational Behavior(9th ed.). NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Robinson, D., Perryman, S., & Hayday, S. (2004), The drivers of employee engagement. Brighton, England: Institute for Employment Studies.
Salancik, G. R. (1977). Commitment and the control of organizational behavior and belief. In B. Staw & G. R. Salancik (Eds.), New Directions in Organizational Behavior (pp. 1-54). Chicago: St. Clair Press.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmtory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
Scheldon, M. E. (1971). Investments and involvements as mechanisms producing commitment to the organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 142-150.
Schneier, C. E. (1989). Implementing performance management and recognition and rewards (PMRR) systems at the strategic level: A line management-driven effort. HR. Human Resource Planning, 12(3), 205-220.
Schuler, R. S., & Jackson, S. E. (1987). Linking competitive strategies with human resource management practices. The Academy of Management Executive, 1(3), 207-219.
Schutte, N., S., Toppinen, R., Kalimo, & W. B., Schaufeli (2000). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory- General Survey across occupational groups and nations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(1), 53-66
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14.
Sherman, A., Bohlander, G., & Snell, S. (1996). Managing human resources (10th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing.
Sonnentag, S. (2003). Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 518-528.
Staw, B. M. (1978). Commitment to a policy decision: A multi-theoretical perspective. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 40-64.
Staw, B. M., & Salancik, G. R. (1977). New directions in organizational behavior. Chicago: St. Clair Press.
Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46-56.
Steers, R. M. & Porter L. W. (1979). Motivation and Work Behavior. NY: McGraw Hill.
Stevens, J. M., Beyer, J. M., & Trice, H. M. (1978). Assessing personal, role, and organizational predictors of managerial commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 21(3), 380-396.
Thompson, F. L. (1989). The relationship between leadership style and organizational commitment in selected Wisconsin elementary schools. Dissertation Abstracts International, 51(05A), 1472.
Tichy, N. M., Fombrun, C. J., & Devanna, M. A. (1982). Strategic human resource management. Sloan Management Review, 23(2), 47-62.
U. S. Department of Labor. (2010). O*NET OnLine. Retrieved January 31, 2011, from http://www.informs.org/Pubs/ISR
Ulrich, D., Brockbank, W., & Yeung, A. (1989). Beyond belief: A benchmark for human resource. Human Resource Management, 28(3), 311-335.
Wellins, R., & Concelman, J. (2005). Creating a culture for engagement. Workforce Performance Solutions. Retrieved August 1, 2010, from http: // www.WPSmag.com
Whyte, W. H. (1956). The Organizational Man. NY: Simon and Schuster.
Wiener, Y. (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. Academy of Management Review, 7(3), 418-428
Working today: Understanding what drives employee enganement. (2003).Retrieved April 25, 2011, from http://www.towersperrin.com/tp/getwebcachedoc?webc=hrs/usa/2003/200309/talent_2003.pdf
Wright, P. M., & McMahan G. C. (1992). Alternative theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management. Journal of Management, 18, 295-320.