研究生: |
林哲宇 Che-Yu Lin |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
ARCS融入體驗式學習之學習活動中目標導向與教學策略對國小生電腦技能學習之影響 The Effects of Instructional Strategies and Goal Orientation on Elementary School Students within an ARCS Integrated Experiential Learning Activity |
指導教授: |
陳明溥
Chen, Ming-Puu |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
資訊教育研究所 Graduate Institute of Information and Computer Education |
論文出版年: | 2010 |
畢業學年度: | 98 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 122 |
中文關鍵詞: | ARCS動機模式 、體驗式學習循環 、目標導向 、教學策略 |
英文關鍵詞: | ARCS model, experiential learning cycle, goal orientation, instructional strategy |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:188 下載:39 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在探討ARCS融入體驗式學習循環對不同目標導向國小生學習電腦技能,在學習動機、學習滿意度與學習成效方面的影響。本研究對象為國小四年級共104位學生。ARCS融入體驗式學習循環之教學策略依教學模式的不同分為解說演示和引導探索兩種類型,目標導向依照目標導向量表得分將學習者分為學習目標、表現目標兩組,學習者於教學實驗前接受測量。研究結果顯示:一、學生接受ARCS融入體驗式學習循環之教學模式,對於電腦簡報製作課程之學習動機有良好表現;二、學生對於ARCS融入體驗式學習循環之教學活動設計皆持有正向之學習滿意度表現;三、解說演示教學能增進國小四年級學生的電腦技能學習成效表現。
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of instructional strategies and learners’ goal orientation on elementary school students’ motivation, satisfaction and learning performance within an ARCS integrated experiential learning activity. A quasi-experimental research design was applied in the study with the independent variables of goal orientation, including learning-goal and performance-goal, and instructional strategies, including expository presentation and guide exploration. The participants were grouped into two different goal orientations based on their pretest scores. The results revealed that: (a) the implementation of experiential learning cycle with ARCS model was helpful to learners’ learning motivation; (b) the appropriateness of content and instructional strategies facilitated learners’ learning satisfaction; and (c) expository presentation enhanced students’ learning performance. Recommendations about instructional design with information and technology communication were also provided for the future relevant studies.
中文部份
王明傑、陳玉玲(譯) (2002)。R. E. Slavin著。教育心理學理論與實務。台北:學富。
李隆盛 (1995)。教學生解決問題。中等教育,46(5),73-77。
李賢輝 (2002)。科技對當代藝術教育的影響與省思。(黃壬來主編)藝術與人文教育,上冊。台北:桂冠圖書。319-321。
李美誼 (2004)。多媒體英語歌曲教學對提昇國小學童學習動機與學習成效之研究。屏東師範學院教育科技研究所碩士論文,未出版,屏東縣。
黃素貞 (2003)。木琴輔助國小學童音樂學習動機與成就之行動研究。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
廖志昇 (2003)。研究生學習動機與學習滿意度關係之研究--以師院在職進修碩士班為例。屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,屏東縣。
魏旭鴻(2003)。大台北地區國民中學電腦課程內涵之研究。國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文,台北市。
沈翠蓮 (2001),教學原理與設計。台北:五南。
林玉如、陳淑娟 (2005)。『學習動機在教學策略上的應用』,松山工農學報,3,106-111。
林建平 (1997)。整合學習策略與動機的訓練方案對國小閱讀理解困難兒童的輔導效果。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
林思伶 (1993)。激發學生學習動機的教學策略-約翰凱勒(John. M. Keller)阿課思(ARCS)模式的應用。視聽教育雙月刊,34(5),45-52。
林進材 (1999)。促進教師教學效能的途徑。教育實習輔導季刊,4(4), 45-50。
林進材 (2004)。教學原理。台北市:五南。
林麗娟 (1994)。動機設計於電腦輔助教材之應用。視聽教育,44(5), 23-30。
林邵珍 (2003)。運用ARCS動機設計模式之生活科技教學。生活科技月刊,36(4),52-59。
姚季沁 (2006)。教師態度與學生學習動機之研究。網路社會學通訊期刊,第54期。2007年7月21日取自,http://mail.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/54/54-20.htm
洪秀惠 (2006)。資訊融入教學對國中學生自然科學習動機及學習成就影響之探討-以消化系統、恆定性單元為例,國立彰化師範大學生物學系碩士論文,未出版,彰化市。
洪鳳美 (2004)。 國中導師轉型領導風格、班級氣氛與學習動機關係之研究─以臺北縣市為例。銘傳大學教育研究所在職專班碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
徐新逸、吳佩謹 (2002)。資訊融入教學的現代意義與具體作為。教學科技與媒體,59,63-73。
張志全 (2004)。網路教學動機設計之探究。國教天地,155,24-34。
張春興 (1994)。教育心理學-三化取向的理論與實踐。台北:東華書局。
張春興 (1998)。現代心理學。臺北:東華。
張春興 (1998)。教育心理學(初版九刷)。台北:東華。
張春興 (2007)。教育心理學:三化取向的理論與實踐(修訂二版)。台北市:東華。
張德銳 (1994)。《教育行政研究》。台北:五南圖書出版公司。
張蕊苓 (1999),兒童學習動機內化歷程中的影響因素探討。花蓮師院學報,9,35-60。
陳姵吟 (2001)。電腦化教育的隠憂。師友,406,35-38。
陳建雄(譯) (2006)。互動設計:跨越人-電腦互動。台北市:全華。
林玉如、陳淑娟 (2004)。學習動機在教學策略上的應用,國立臺北科技大學技術及職業教育研究所研究生與資訊推廣中心技士共同論文。
陳嘉成 (2001)。中學生之成就目標導向、動機氣候知覺與學習行為組型之關係,教育與心理研究,000(024),0167-0189。
陳嘉成 (2001)。提升學習動機的環境機制-成就目標理論的應用與啟示, 教香港教育系列三:青少年成長與家庭、社會和學校教育《學術編》,79-90,香港:教育工作者聯會。
彭文松 (2005),認知風格、學習風格與思考風格之區辨研究,新竹師範學院教育心理與諮商研究所碩士論文。
彭淑玲 (2004)。四向度課室目標結構、個人目標導向與課業求助行為之關係。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台南。
彭淑玲、程炳林 (2005)。四向度課室目標結構、個人目標導向與課業求助行為之關係。師大學報:教育類,50(2),69-95。
程炳林 (2003)。四向度目標導向模式之研究。師大學報:教育類,48(1),15-40。
程炳林 (2002)。多重目標導向、動機問題與調整策略之交互作用。教育心理學報,25,15-58。
黃金山 (2002)。高職汽車科學生專業實習學習動機及學習行為對學習成效之影響研究。未出版碩士論文,彰化師範大學工業教育學系在職進修專班,彰化。
黃富順 (1992)。成人學習動機-成人參與繼續教育動機取向之研究。高雄:復文。
黃意舒 (1993)。幼稚園教師教學角色認同及踐行研究。台北市:國立政治大學教育學系博士論文。
楊接期 (2003)。激發動機的網路個人學習平臺之研究與系統建置。國科會科學教育處資訊教育學門專題研究計畫成果討論會(編號:NSC912520- S-008-001),未出版。
溫世頌 (1997)。教育心理學。台北市:三民書局。
蔣恩芬 (2000)。學習動機相關因素探討與學習動機方案成效研究。未出版之碩士論文,國立高雄師範大學特殊教育學系,高雄。
蔡居澤 (2003)。議題中心的活動課程設計模式。翰林文教月訊,3。
鄭芬蘭 (1999)。學習動機目標導向及其在學習輔導上的應用。學習輔導雙月刊,62,90-99。
鄭芬蘭 (1995)。目標導向因果模式之驗證暨目標導向教學實驗方案之效果研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
賴淑玲 (1996)。教學策略相關研究之探討:以ARCS動機模式為架構。教學科技與媒體,26,36-46。
張國恩 (2001)。「從學習科技的發展看資訊融入教學的內涵」,載於何榮桂、戴維揚主編,資訊教育課程設計,135-162,台北:國立台灣師範大學。
林紀慧(2002)。國小學童自我調節學習特質與不同電腦教學環境對自然概念學習之成效研究。新竹師院學報,15,69-89。
劉光隆(2002)。影響電子化學習績效因素之研究-以嘉義縣教育網路之非同步遠距教學為例。嘉義縣:中正大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文。
英文部份
Akdemir, O., & Koszalka, T. A. (2008). Investigating the relationships among instructional strategies and learning styles in online environments. Computers & Education, 50(4), 1451-1461.
Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1998). Achievement goals in the classrooms: Student’s learning strategies and motivational processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 260-267.
Ames, C. (1984). Competitive, cooperative, and individualistic goal structures: A cognitive-motivational analysis. In C. Ames & R. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (pp. 177-207). New York: Academic Press.
Ames, C. (1992). Achievement goals, motivational climate, and motivational processes. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp.161-176). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Anderman, E.M., & Wolters, C. (2006). Goals, values, and affect. In P. Alexander, & P. Winne (Eds.), Handbook of Educational Psychology (pp. 369-390). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Barab, S. A., Barnett, M., & Squire, K. (2002). Preparing pre-service teachers: Developing an empirical account of a community of practice. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 11(4), 489-542.
Barron, K. E., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2001). Achievement goal and optimal motivation: Testing multiple goal models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 706-722.
Blumenfeld, P. C. (1992). Classroom learning and motivation: clarifying and expanding goal theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 272-281.
Bonk, C. J. Cummings, J. A., Hara, N. Fisher, R. B., & Lee, S. M. (2000). Ten level web integration continuum. In Abbey, B. (Ed.), Instructional and Cognitive Impacts of Web-Based Education. Idea Group Publishing.
Brüken, R., Plass, J. L., & Leutner, D. (2003). Direct measurement of cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 53-61.
ChanLin, L. J. (2009). Applying motivational analysis in a Web-based course. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 46(1), 91–103.
Cheng, Y. C., & Yeh, H. T. (2009). From concepts of motivation to its application in instructional design: Reconsidering motivation from an instructional design perspective. British Journal of Educational Technology, 40(4), 597-605.
Colburn, A. (2000). An inquiry primer. Science Scope, 23(6), 42-44.
DeLong, M., Winter, D., & Yackel, C.A. (2004). Management, motivation and student-centered instruction I: Analytical framework. Primus: Problems,Resources and Issues in Mathematics Undergraduate Studies, 13(2), 97-123.
DeVries, H.M., Hosteller, H. & Watson, C. (2002). The empty nest transition: A longitudinal, qualitative study. Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago: IL.
Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Motivational strategies in the language classroom. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256-273.
Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1040-1048.
Earle, R. S. (2002). Instructional design and the classroom teacher: Looking back and moving ahead. Educational Technology, 34(3), 6-10.
Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996). Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 549-563.
Elliot, A. J., & McGregor, H. A. (2001). A 2x2 achievement goal framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(3), 501-519.
Elliot, A.J., & Thrash, T.M. (2001). Achievement goals and the hierarchical model of achievement motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13(2), 139-156.
Elliot, A. J. (2005). A conceptual history of the achievement goal construct. In A. J. Elliot & C. S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 52-72). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Romer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Pshchological Review, 100(3), 363-406.
Finn, H., Maxwell, M., & Calver, M. (2002). Why does experimentation matter in teaching ecology? Journal of Biological Education, 36(4), 158-162.
Francis, R. G., Hill, D. M., & Redden, M. G. (1991). Mathematics and science: A shared learning cycle and a common learning environment. School Science and Mathematics, 91(8), 339-343.
Frazee, B. M., & Rudnitski, R. A. (1995). Integrated teaching methods: Theory, classroom application and field-based connections. Boston: Delmar Publishers.
Furtak, E. M. (2006). The problem with answers: An exploration of guided scientific inquiry teaching. Scienc eEducation, 90, 452-467.
von Glasersfeld, E. (1991). Instruction. In E. von Glasersfeld (Ed.), Radical constructivism in mathematics education (pp. xiii-xixx). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Good, T. L., & Brophy, J. E. (2003). Looking in classrooms (9th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Greene, B.A., & Miller, R.B. (1996). Influences on achievement: Goals, perceived ability, and cognitive engagement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 21(2), 181-192.
Greene, B. A., Miller, R. B., Crowson, H. M., Duke, B. L., & Akey, K. L. (2004). Predicting high school students’ cognitive engagement and achievement: Contributions of classroom perceptions and motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29(4), 462-482.
Gülpinar, M. A., & Yeğen, B. Ç. (2005). Interactive lecturing for meaningful learning in large groups. Medical Teacher, 27(7), 590.
Harackiewicz, J. M., & Linnenbrink, E. A. (2005). Multiple achievement goals and multiple pathways for learning: The agenda and impact of Paul R. Pintrich. Educational Psychologist, 40(2), 75-84.
Harlen, W., & Crick, R. D. (2003). Testing and motivation for learning. Assessment in Education, 10(2), 167-207.
Herron, M. D. (1971). The nature of scientific enquiry. School Review, 79(2), 171- 212.
Hickey, D. T. (1997). Motivation and contemporary socio-constructivist instructional perspectives. Educational Psychologist, 32, 175-193.
Hill, K. T., & Wigfield, A. (1984). Test anxiety:A major educational problem and what can be done about it. Elementary School Journal, 85(2), 105- 126.
Howard, G. S., & Maxwell, S. E., (1982). Do contaminate student evaluates of insruction? Research in High Education,16(2), 175-188.
Jonassen, D. H. (2000). Computers as Mind Tools for Schools. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kaplan, A., & Maehr, M.L. (2007). The contribution and prospects of goal orientation theory. Educational Psychology Review, 19(2), 141-184.
Keller. J. M., & Burkman, E. (1993). Motivation principles. In M. Fleming, & W. Levie (Eds.), Instructional message design: Principles from the behavioral and cognitive science. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology, 3-53.
Keller, J. M., & Koop, T. (1987). An application of the ARCS model of motivational design, In C. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional theories in action: Lessons illustrating selected theories and models. Hillsdale, SJ: Lawerence Erlbaum.
Keller, J. M. (1983). Development and use of the ARCS model of motivational design
(Reports Research/Technical 143). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED313001)
Keller, J. M. (1987). Development and use of the ARCS model of instructional design. Journal of Instructional Development, 10(3), 2-10.
Kemps, W. H., & Schwaller, A. E. (1988). Instructional strategies for technology education. CA: Council on Technology Teacher Education.
Kolb, D. A. (1976). Learning style inventory: Technical manual. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kolb, D. A., Boyatzis, R. E., & Mainemelis, C. (2002). Experiential learning theory: Previous research and new directions. In R. J. Sternberg & L. F. Zhang (Eds.), Perspectives on cognitive, learning, and thinking styles. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kruse, K. (2002). The magic of learner motivation: The ARCS Model. Retrieved September 19, 2008 from http://www.e-learningguru.com/articles/art3_5.htm
Kuhlthau, C., Maniotes, L., & Caspari, A. (2007). Guided inquiry: Learning in the 21st century. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited.
Kocaman-Karoglu, A., Kiraz, E., & Ozden, M.Y. (2008). ARCS Motivation Model in the Design and Development of a Blended Course. In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications 2008 (pp. 2093-2098). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
Lam, Y., & Wong, A. (1974). Attendance regularity of adult learners : An examination of content and structural factors. Adult Education , 24, 130-142.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.EJ092 333)
Lau, K. L., & Lee, J. (2008). Examining Hong Kong students' achievement goals and their relations with students' perceived classroom environment and strategy use. Educational Psychology, 28(4), 357-372.
Lee, V. (2002). Racial and ethnic achievement gap trends: Reversing the progress toward equity? Educational Researcher, 31(1), 3-12.
Lih-Juan, C. L. (2009). Applying motivational analysis in a Web-based course.
Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 46(1), 91-103.
Lowman, J. (1990). Promoting motivation and learning. College Teaching, 38(4), 136-139.
Luterbach, K. J., & Reigeluth, C. M. (1994). Schools not out, yet. Educational Technology, 34(4), 47-54.
Maehr, M.L. (1984). Meaning and motivation: Toward a theory of personal investment. In R. Ames, & C. Ames (Eds.) Research on motivation in education (Volume 1): student motivation. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
Maher, M. L., & Midgley, C. (1996). Transforming school culture. CO: Westview.
Maehr, M. L., & Meyer, H. A. (1997). Understanding motivation and schooling: Where we’ve been, where we are, and where we need to go. Educational Psychology Review, 9(4), 371-409.
Mayer, R. E. (1997). Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions? Educational Psychologists, 32(1), 1-19.
Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia Learning. New York: Cambridge University press.
Meece, J., & Holt, K. (1993). A pattern analysis of students’ achievement goals. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(4), 582-590.
Means, T.B., Jonassen, D.H., & Dwyer, F.M. (1997). Enhancing relevance: Embedded ARCS strategies vs. purpose. Educational Technology Research and Development, 45(1), 5-17.
Meece, J. L., Anderman, E. M., & Anderman, L. H. (2006). Classroom goal structure, student motivation, and academic achievement. Annual Review of Psychology, 57(3), 487-503.
Meece, J. L., & Holt, K. (1993). A pattern analysis of students' achievement goals. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(4), 582-590.
Middleton, M., & Midgley, C. (1997). Avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability: An under-explored aspect of goal theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(4), 710-718.
Miller, R.B., Greene, B.A., Montalvo, G.P., Ravindran, B., & Nichols, J.D. (1996). Engagement in academic work: The role of learning goals, future consequences, pleasing others and perceived ability. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 21(4), 388-422.
Mussen, D. H. (1969). Early sex-role development. In D. H. Goslin, (Ed.). Handbook of socialization theory research. Chicago: Rand McNally, 707-732.
Newmann, F. M., Marks, H. M., & Gamoran, A. (1996). Authentic pedagogy and student performance. American Journal of Education, 104, 280-312.
Ng, C. C. (2008). Multiple-goal learners and their differential patterns of learning. Educational Psychology, 28(4), 439-456.
Nicholls, J.G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conception of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91(3), 328-346.
Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Nie, Y. & Lau, S. (2010). Differential relations of constructivist and didactic instruction to students’ cognition, motivation, and achievement. Learning and Instruction, 20(5), 411-423.
Nielsen, S. G. (2008). Achievement goals, learning strategies and instrumental performance. Music Education Research, 10(2), 235-247.
Pastor, D. A., Barron, K. E., Miller, B.J., & Davis, S. L. (2007). A latent profile analysis of college students’ achievement goal orientation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32(1), 8-47.
Paulsen, M. B., & Gentry, J. A. (1995).Motivation learning strategies, and academic performance: A study of the college finance classroom. Financial Practice & Education, 5(1), 78-89.
Pappas, M. L., & Tepe, A. (2002). Pathways to knowledge and inquiry learning. Greenwood Village, CO: Libraries Unlimited.
Phillips, D. C. (2000). An opinionated account of the constructivist landscape. In D. C. Phillips (Ed.), Constructivism in education: Opinions and second opinions on controversial issues (pp. 1-16). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pintrich, P.R. (1989). “The dynamic interplay of student motivation and cognition in 9 the college classroom,” In Maehr, M. & C. Ames (Eds.), Advance in Motivation and Achievement: Motivation Enhancing Environments, 6, 117-160.
Pintrich, P.R. (2000). Multiple goals, multiple pathways: The role of goal orientations in learning and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(2), 544-555.
Pintrich, P. R., Conley, A. M., & Kempler, T.M. (2003). Current issues in achievement goal theory and research. International Journal of Educational Research, 39(4), 319-337.
Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (1996). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (2002). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Pintrich, P. R., & Sinatra, G. M. (2003). The role of intentions in conceptual change learning. In P. R. Pintrich & G. M. Sinatra (Eds.), Intentional conceptual change. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Pintrich ,P. R., Marx ,R.W., & Boyle , R. A. (1993).Beyond cold conceptual change : The role of motivation beliefs and classroom contextual factors in the process of conceptual change. Review of educational Research, 63,167-199
Qiyun, W. (2008). A generic model for guiding the integration of ICT into teaching and learning. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 45(4), 411-419.
Richardson, V. (2003). Constructivist pedagogy. Teachers College Record, 105, 1623-1640.
Reigeluth, C. M. & Beatty, B. J. (2003). Why Children Are Left Behind and What We Can Do About It. Educational Technology, 43(5), 24-32.
Resnick, L. B. (1987). Learning in school and out. Educational Researcher, 16, 13-20.
Roeser, R.W., Midgley, C.M., & Urdan, T.C. (1996). Perceptions of the school psychological environment and early adolescents’ psychological and behavioral functioning in school: The mediating role of goals and belonging. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 408-422.
Roney, C.J., & O’Connor, M.C. (2008). The interplay between achievement goals and specific target goals in determining performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(2), 482–489.
Rosenshine, B. (1983). Teaching functions in instructional programs. The Elementary School Journal, 83(4), 335-351.
Saffer, D. (2007). Designing for interaction: Creating smart applications and clever devices. Berkeley, CA: New Riders.
Schein, E. H. (1993). Empowerment, coercive persuasion and organizational learning:
Do they connect? The Learning Organization, 6(4), 163-172.
Scher, S. J., & Osterman, N. M. (2002). Procrastination, conscientiousness, anxiety, and goals: Exploring the measurement and correlates of procrastination among school-aged children. Psychology in Schools, 39(4), 385-398.
Schneider, L. S., & Renner, J. W. (1980). Concrete and formal teaching. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 17(6), 503-517.
Schraw, G., Crippen, K. J., & Hartley, K. D. (2006). Promoting self-regulation in science education: Metacognition as part of a broader perspective on learning. Research in Science Education, 36(1), 111-139.
Schunk, D. H. (2000). "Motivation for achievement: Past, present, and future". Issues in Education: Contributions from Educational Psychology, 6, 161-165.
Schunk, D. H. & Ertmer, P. (2000). Self-regulation and academic learning: Self-efficacy enhancing interventions. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 631-649). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Shepherd, D. L., & Renner, J. (1982), Student understandings and misunderstandings of states of matter and density changes. School Science and Mathematics, 82(8), 650-655.
Sideridis, G. D., & Tsorbatzoudis, Ch. (2003). Intra-group motivational analysis of students with learning disabilities: A goal orientation approach Learning Disabilities. A Contemporary Journal, 1, 8-19.
Sinatra, G. M. & Pintrich, P. R. (2003). International conceptual change. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Small, R. V., & Gluck, M. (1994). The relationship of motivational conditions to effective instructional. Educational Techology, 36(8), 33-40.
Small, R. V., Dodge, B. M., & Jiang, X. (1996). Student Perceptions of Boring and Interesting Instruction. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Indianapolis, Feb. 1996.
Somuncuoglu, Y., & Yildirim. A. (1999). Relationship between achievement goal orientations and use of learning strategies. Journal of Educational Research, 92(5), 267-277.
Song, H. D., & Grabowski, B. (2006). Stimulating intrinsic motivation for problem solving using goal-oriented contexts and peer group composition. Educational Technology Research & Development, 54(5), 445-466.
Valdez, G., McNabb, M., Foertsch, M., Anderson, M., Hawkes, M., & Raack, L. (1999). Computer-based technology and learning: Evolving uses and expectations. Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory.
Vermetten, Y. J., Lodewijks, H. G., & Vermunt, J. D. (2001). The role of personality traits and goal orientations in strategy use. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26, 149-170.
Williamon, A., & Valentine, E. (2002). The role of retrieval structures in memorizing music. Cognitive Psychology, 44, 1-32.Wlodkowski, R. (1985). Enhancing adult motivation to learn. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Wolters, C. A., Yu, S., & Pintrich, P. R. (1996). The relation between goal orientation and students’ motivational beliefs and self-regulated learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 11, 281-299.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In Boekaerts, M., Pintrich, P., & Zeodmer, M. (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Regulation. Academic Press.