氣候變遷為人類生存環境帶來挑戰與威脅，為防範其惡化，在聯合國的主導下，啟動了氣候治理建制，並完成法制化過程。其過程自1990年設立「政府間談判委員會」並展開氣候談判起，至2015年巴黎協商會議結束止，期間相繼完成《聯合國氣候變遷綱要公約》、《京都議定書》及《巴黎協定》等重要國際法律文件，為全球氣候治理制訂遵循與執行的重要依據。

長久以來，在傳統的國際政治裡，主權國家經常是被關注的焦點，綜觀聯合國主導下的一系列氣候談判會議，雖然國家行為者在過程中依舊具有主導力量，但非政府組織之參與角色愈顯重要，因為它們在正式會議裡的參與數量不斷增加之外，在場外舉辦周邊活動之規模亦不斷擴大，也由於它們在會議過程中發揮了某種程度的影響力，讓它們在氣候議題上，達到某些訴求。

為進一步探討非政府組織之參與及其影響力情況，另外遴選氣候行動網絡作為案例研究。尤其是相較於其他環境非政府組織，氣候行動網絡在組織結構與性質上都較為特別，它主要是連結分布在全球超過上千個的非政府組織而形成的網絡，藉由團結力量試圖在氣候談判正式會議及場外週邊活動中發揮影響力，期使國際社會加速改善氣候變遷現象，確保人類永續發展。

The challenges and threats that are coming from climate change are getting serious. The United Nations play a key and important role within global governance on the issue of climate change. It also builds up a international regimes that is responsible for global governance as well as its legalization on climate change. A series of climate negotiations have been held since 1990. Until 2015, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement have been completed sequentially. They are also the most important international documents for the UN to govern climate change.

States are always seen the main players within the international politics. However, during many climate conferences that were held by the UN, the participation of non-governmental organizations has become more significant than before. NGOs not only participate actively but also increase their representatives in the official conferences or other side events. More importantly, they tried to influence participants and get their supports for reaching their climate goals.

For further understanding the participation of NGOs and their influences in climate negotiations, the Climate Action Network is taken as a case study. Specially, the organizational structure and character of CAN are different with other Environmental NGOs. It forms a worldwide network of over 1000 NGOs in over 120 countries and tries to play its influences on the climate change issue in the international climate negotiations. The aim that it works for is to promote governments and people to limit human-induced global warming and to ensure that human beings can meet sustainable development.

參考文獻
壹、中文部分
一、專書
王杰等編，2004年。全球治理中的國際非政府組織。北京：北京大
學出版社。
王紹光，1999年。《多元與統一：第三部門國際比較研究》。杭州：
浙江人民出版社。
何一鳴，2012年。《國際氣候談判研究》。北京：中國經紀出版社。
丘宏達，2014年。《現代國際法》。台北：三民書局。
朱浤源，1999年。《撰寫碩博士論文實戰手冊》。台北：正中書局。
朱松麗、高翔，2017年。《從哥本哈根到巴黎：國際氣候制度的變遷
和發展》。北京；清華大學出版社。
江啟臣，2009年。《國際組織與全球治理概論》。台北：五南圖書公
司。
李慎明、王逸舟，2002年。《2002年：全球政治與安全報告》。上海：
社會科學文獻出版社。
吳英明，1999年。《市民社會與地球村》。高雄：宏文館圖書年。
行政院研考會，2000年。《台灣非政府組織國際參與策略之研究》。
台北：行政會研考會。
易君博，1991年。《政治理論與研究方法》。臺北：三民書局。
范麗珠，2003年。《全球化下的社會變遷與非政府組織》。上海：人
民出版社。
徐瑩，2006年。《當代國際政治中的非政府組織》。北京：當代世界
出版社。
崔大鵬，2003年。《國際氣候合作的政治經濟學分析》。北京：商務
印書館。
翁明賢等著，2007年。《新戰略論》。台北；五南圖書公司。
陸忠偉，2003年。《非傳統安全論》。北京：時事出版社。
葉俊榮，2015年。《氣候變遷治理與法律》。台北：台灣大學。
曹俊漢，2009年。《全球化與全球治理》。台北：韋伯文化公司。
國家安全局，2002年。《非傳統安全威脅研究報告: 第一輯》。台北：
國家安全局。
楊惟任，2015年。《氣候變遷、政治與國際關係》。台北：五南圖書
公司。
楊冠群，1998年。《國際會議》。北京：世界知識出版社。
趙黎青，1998年。《非政府組織與可持續發展》。北京：經濟科學出
版社。
蔡東杰、蔡明彥，2014年。《全球化下的國際關係》。台中：中興大
學政治研究所。
劉貞曄，2005年。《國際政治領域中的非政府組織：一種互動關係的
分析》。天津：天津人民出版社。
劉順福，2010年。《國際會議參與和談判─兼述非政府組織》。台北：
國立編譯館。
饒戈平主編，2005年。《全球化進程中的國際組織》。北京：北京大
學出版社。
蕭代基、葉俊榮、華昌宜、林子倫等著，2011年。《全球氣候變遷因
應政策之研究》。台北：行政院研考會。
蕭新煌主編，2000年。《非營利部門：組織與運作》。台北：巨流圖
書公司。
二、專書譯著
Reachel Carson, Silent Spring著，李文昭譯，2008。《寂靜的春
天》(Silent Spring) 。台北：晨星出版社。
Ulrich Beck著，孫治本譯，1999。《全球化危機》(Was Ist
Globalisierung?)。台北：台灣商務印書館。
Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink著，韓召穎、孫英麗合譯，
2005年。《超越國界的活動家：國際政治中的倡議網絡》
(Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in
International Politics)。北京：北京大學出版社。
三、學術論文
王逸舟，1995年。〈國際政治中的非政府組織〉，《東方》，第5期。
宋學文，2003年12月。〈非政府組織(NGOs)在全球治理中之機會與
限制：一個政治學觀點〉，《中國行政評論》，第13卷第1期，
頁127-158。
辛翠玲，2005年6月。〈聯合國體系內NGO角色與參與機會變遷之
分析：新制度主義的觀點〉，《兩岸與國際事務季刊》，第2卷
第2期，頁21-44。
李昕蕾、王彬彬，2018年。〈國際非政府組織與全球氣候治理〉，《國
際展望》，第5期，頁136-156。
林子倫，2008年9月。〈台灣氣候變遷之論述分析〉，《公共行政學
報》，第28期，頁153-175。
李河清，2004年11月。〈知識社群與全球氣候談判〉，《問題與研
究》，第43卷第6期，頁73-102。
姜家雄、蔡育岱，2007年7月。〈國際關係與非政府組織研究〉，《
國際關係學報》，第24期，頁115-138。
沈樹忠、張華，2017年。〈甚麼引起五次生物大滅絕？〉，《科學通
報》，第62卷第11期，頁1119-1135。
高翔，2010年7月。〈「經濟大國能源和氣候論壇」進展及前景展望〉，
《氣候變化研究進展》，第6卷第4期，頁301-306。
莫大華，1996年9月。〈「安全研究」之趨勢〉，《問題與研究》，第35
卷第9期，頁61-78。
徐步華、葉江，2011年1月。〈淺析非政府組織在應對全球環境和氣
候變化問題中的作用〉，《上海行政學院學報》，第12卷第1
期，頁79-88。
袁鶴齡，2003年10月。〈全球治理與國際合作：論其政策與困境〉，
《全球政治評論》，第4期，頁25-44。
曹俊漢，2013年3月。〈全球治理與氣候變遷：評估哥本哈根會議
(COP15)決策機制的衝擊與對策〉，《歐美研究》，第34卷第1
期，頁89-148。
楊雪冬，2004年。〈全球化、風險社會與複合治理〉，《馬克思與現實
雙月刊》，第4期，頁61-77。
蔡學儀，2011年12月。〈國際氣候政治的發展與變遷〉，《淡江人文
社會學刊》，第48期，頁105-124。
劉穎，2008年。〈多元中心體系下的全球環境治理〉，《理論月刊》，
第10期，頁159-161。
鄭富麟、劉哲良，2016年1月。〈COP21巴黎協定：全球減碳目標及
其法律拘束力〉，《經濟前瞻》，第163期，頁107-111。
四、研討會論文
李英明，2001年12月。〈全球治理與兩岸關係：安全、主權、認同
與區域主義觀的再探討〉，「全球化時代下的—兩岸關係與中
國大陸」學術研討會。台北：政治大學。
辛翠玲，2003年12月。〈NGO在UN體系內的地位變化─理論分析
架構的建立〉，「台灣政治學會」研討會。台北：東吳大學。
五、網際網路
中華民國外交部。〈非政府組織國際事務會網站〉，
http://www.taiwanngo.tw/files/11-1000-99.php.
沈婉玉，2016年10月24日。〈氣候變遷，大學生一知半解〉，《聯合
新聞網》，http://udn.com/news/story/ 7238/2043060.
高宜凡，2017年9月29日。〈「不願面對的真相2」觀後感：10年未
竟功的氣候戰役〉，《環境資訊中心》，http://e-info.
org.tw/node/207614.
張楊乾，2010年7月30日。〈氣候門不是醜聞，是抺黑〉，《環境資
訊中心》，http://e-info.org.tw/node/57806.
范建得，2015年4月 2日。〈自國際法觀點檢視歷次COP大會決議
文之法律內涵或屬性〉，《清大國際氣候變遷發展及法制研究
室》，http://namasnthu.blogspot.com/2015/04/cop.
html.
綠色和平組織-香港，2017年6月23日。〈當年今日－見證環保是場
持久角力賽〉，https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-
hk/news/stories/about/2017/06/on-this-day/.

貳、外文部分
1、Books
Anheier, Helmut et al., eds., 2001. Global Civil Society.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Arts, Bas, Math Noortmann, and Bob Reinalda, eds., 2001.
Non-State Actor in International Relations.
Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company .
Ayre, Georgina and Rosalie Callway, eds., 2005.
Governance for Sustainable Development: A
Foundation for the Future. New York: Taylor &
Francis Group.
Beck, Ulrich, 1992. Risk Society. London: Sage.
Betsill, Michele M. and Elisabeth Corell, eds., 2008. NGO
Diplomacy:The Influence of Nongovernmental
Organizations in International Environmental
Negotiations. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Buzan, Barry, 1991. People, States and Fear: An Agenda
for International Security Studies in the Post
Cold War Era. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, and Jaap De Wilde, 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Colorado: Lynne
Rienner Publishers,Inc.
Castells, Manuel, 1996. The Rise of the Network Society.
Oxford:Blackwell.
Chasek, Pamel S., 2000. The Global Environment in the
Twenty-First Century: Prospects for International
Cooperation. New York: United Nations University.
Chayes, Abram and Antonia Handler Chayes, 1995. The New
Sovereignty: Compliance with International
Regulatory Agreements. MA: Harvard University
Press.
Climate Action Network-International, 2014. Small Window,
Bright Light: A History of Climate Action Network.
Lebanon: Climate Action Network-International.
Cohen, Michael P., 1988. The History of the Sierra Club,
1892-1970.San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
Commission on Global Governance, 1995. Our Global
Neighborhood.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
David, Sir Arthur, 1990. Forty Years of Progress and
Achievement: A Historical Review of WMO.
Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization.
Davies, Thomas, 2013. NGOs: A New History of
Transnational Civil Society. London: Huest &
Company.
Evans, Peter B., Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda
Skocpol, eds., 1985.Bringing the State Back In.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fladeland, Betty, 1972. Men & Brothers: Anglo-American
Antislavery Cooperation. US: University of
Illinois Press.
Giddens, Anthony, 2011. Politics of Climate Change. MA: Polity Press.
Giddens, Anthony, 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Gordenker, Leon and ThomasWeiss, 1996. NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Gottfried, Ted, 2004. The Fight for Peace: A History of Antiwar Movements in America. Minneapolis: 21 Century Books.
Hall, Rodney Bruce and Thomas J. Biersteker, eds., 2002. The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance. UK:Cambridge University Press.
Harris, Paul G., ed., 2007. Europe and Global Climate Change:Politics, Foreign Policy, and Regional Cooperation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Held, David, 1995. Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Held, David,and Anthony G. McGrew, 2003. Governing Globalization:Power, Authority, and Global Governance. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Higott, Richard A., Geoffreyn R. D. Underhill, and Andreas Bieler, eds.,2000. Non-State Actors and Authority in the Global System.London and New York: Routledge.
Holsti, Kalevi Jaakko, 1988. International Politics: A Framework for Analysis. Toronto: Prentice-Hall International.
Hirst, Paul H. and Grahame Thompson, 1996. Globalization in Question. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hudock, Ann C., 1999. NGOs and Civil Society: Democracy by Proxy.United Kingdom: Polity Press.
Jaeger, J. and H. L. Ferguson, eds., 1991. Climate Change: Science Impact and Policy- Proceedings of the Second World Climate Conference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keane, John, 2003. Global Civil Society? New York: Cambridge University Press.
Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink, 1998. Activists beyond Borders:Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, 1971. Transnational Relations and World Politics. MA: Harvard University Press.
Keohane, Robert O., 2001. Power and Interdependence. London: Longman Press.
Korten, David, 1990. Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda. West Hartford: Kumarian Press.
Kramer, Roderick M., 1981. Voluntary Agencies in the Welfare State.CA: University of California Press.
Krasner, Stephen D., ed., 1983. International Regimes. New York:Cornell University Press.
Linden, W. H. van der, 1987. The International Peace Movement, 1815-1874. Netherlands: Tilleul Publications.
Locke, Mary Stoughton, 1901. Anti-Slavery in America. Boston: Ginn & Company.
Lomborg, Bjorn, 2001. The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Lomborg, Bjorn,2008. Cool It: the Skeptical Environmentalist Guide to Global Warming. New York: Vintage Books.
Luard, Evan, 1977. International Agencies: The Emerging Framework of Interdependence. New York: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
McCormick, John, 1992. British Politics and the Environment. London:Earthscan Publications Ltd.
Meadows, Donella H., 1972. The Limits to Growth. New York: Universe Books.
Mintzer, Irving M. and J. Amber Leonard, eds, 1994. Negotiating Climate Change: The Inside Story of the Rio Convention. Cambridge:Cambridge University and Stockholm Environment Institute.
Mingst, Karen A, 2008. Essentials of International Relations. New York:W. W. Norton & Company Inc.
Morgenthau, Hans, 1960. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Knopf.
Myers, Norman, 1993. Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Najam, Adil, David Runnalls, and Mark Halle, 2000. Environment and Globalization. New York: Palgrave.
Nordlinger, Erick A., 1981. On the Autonomy of the Democratic State.Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Nye, Joseph S. and John D. Donahue, eds., 2000. Governance in a Globalizing World. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Ohmae, Keichi, 1995. The End of the Nation State. New York: Mikinsey & Company Inc.
Oberthür, Sebastian and Hermann Ott, 1999. The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Century. Berlin/Heidelberg:Springer.
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen and Baron Parekh, 1995. The Decolonization of Imagination. London: Zed.
Pierson, Chris and S. Tormey, eds., 2000. Politics at the Edge. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen, 2009. Globalization and Culture. United States:Rowman & Littlefield Publisher Inc.
Robertson, Roland, 1992. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage.
Rosenau, James N. and Ernst-Otto Czempeil, eds., 1992. Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Salamon, Lester M. et al., eds., 1999. Global Civil Society: Dimensions of Nonprofit Sector. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Salamon, Lester M., and Helmut K. Anheier, 1996. The Emerging Nonprofit Sector:An Overview. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Scholte, Jan A., 1993. International Relations of Social Change. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Scholte, Jan A., 2000. Globalization: A Critical Introduction. New York: Palgrave.
Scruton, Roger, 1996. Dictionary of Political Thought. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Singer, Fred and Dennis Avery, 2007. Unstoppable Global Warming:Every 1,500 Years. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
Steger, Manfred B., 2009. Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University.
Stern, Nicholas, 2007. The economics of climate change: The Stern Review. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Stern, Nicholas,2009. A Blueprint for a Safer Planet: How to Manage Climate Change and Create a New Era of Progress and Prosperity.London: Bodley Head.
Terriff, Terry, Stuart Croft, Lucy James, and Patrick M. Morgan, 1999.Security Studies Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Waltz, Kenneth N., 1979. Theory of International Politics.Massachusetts: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company.
Wanger, Gernot and Martin L. Weitzman, 2015. Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Wapner, Paul et al., eds., 2000. Principled World Politics: The Challenge of Normative International Relations. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Weisbrod, Burton A., 1988. The Nonprofit Economy. Massachusetts:Harvard University Press.
Weiss, Thomas G. and Leon Gordenker, eds., 1996. NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Wendt, Alexander, 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
White, Lyman Cromwell, 1951. International Non-Governmental Organizations. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Willetts, Peter, ed., 1996. The Conscience of the World: The Influence of Non-Governmental Organizations in the UN System. Washington DC: Brookings Institution.
Wood, Gillen D’Arcy, 2014. Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Work Bank, 1989. Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth. Washington DC: World Bank.
Work Bank, 1992. Governance and Development. Washington DC: World Bank.
Work Bank, 1995. Working with NGOs. World Bank: Operations Policy Department.
Young, Oran R., 1994. International Governance: Protecting the Environment in a Stateless Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Young, Oran R., ed., 1997. Global Governance: Drawing Insights from the Environmental Experience. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
2、Articles
Abbott Kenneth W., Robert O. Keohane, and Anne-Marie Slaughter,Summer 2000. "The Concept of Legalization," International Organization, Vol.54, No.3, pp.401-419.
Arrhenius, Svante, April 1896. "On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground," Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science Series 5, Vol.41, pp.237-276.
Beck, Ulrich, May 24, 2010. "Climate for Change, or How to Create a Green Modernity?" Theory, Culture and Society, Vol.2, Issue 2-3, pp.254-266.
Best, Richard A. Jr., December 3, 2001. "Intelligence and Law Enforcement: Countering Transnational Threats to the US," Library of Congress: Congressional Research Service.
Brenton, Sir Anthony, Septtmber 6, 2013. "'Great Powers' in Climate Politics," Climate Policy, Vol.13, No.5, pp.541-546.
Broecker, Wally, August 8, 1975. "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming," Science, Vol.189, No.4201 pp.460-463.
Brown, L. David, Sanjeev Khagram, Mark H. Moore, and Peter Frumkin."Globalization, NGOs and Multi-Sectoral Relations," Hauser Center for Nonprofit Org., Working Paper No.1, pp.1-39.
Charnovitz, Steven, Winter 1997. "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance," Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol., No.2, pp.183-286.
Cook, John et al., April 13, 2016. "Consensus on Consensus: A Synthesis of Consensus Estimates on Human-Caused Global Warming,"Environment Research Letters11-048002, pp.1-7.
Depledge, Joanana, February 2006. "The opposite of learning:Ossification in the climate change regime," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.6, Issue 1, pp.1-22.
Fisher, Dana R., May 2010. "COP-15 in Copenhagen: How the Merging of Movements Left Civil Society Out in the Cold," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.10, No.2, pp.11-17.
Fourier, Jean-Baptiste Joseph, 1824. "Remarques g´en´erales sur les temp´ eratures du globe terrestre et des espaces plan´etaires," Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Vol.27, pp.136-167, trans.,Ebenezer Burgess, "General Remarks on the Temperature of the Terrestrial Globe and the Planetary Spaces; by Baron Fourier," American Journal of Science, Vol.32, 1837, pp.1-20.
Goldstein, Judith, Miles Kahler, Robert O. Keohane, and Anne-Marie Slaughter, Summer 2000. "Legalization and World Politics," International Organization, Vol.54, No.3, pp.385-399.
Gray, H. P., 1993. "Globalization versus Nationhood," Development and International Cooperation, Vol.9, No.16, pp.35-49.
Grough, Clair and Simon Shackly, April 2001. "The Respectable Politics of Climate Change: the Epistemic Communities and NGOs," International Affairs, Vol.77, No.2, pp.329-345.
Gulbrandsen, Lars H. and Steiner Andresen, November 2004. "NGO Influence in the Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.4, No.4, pp.54-75.
Gutjahret, Marcus et al., August 30, 2017. "Very Large Release of Mostly Volcanic Carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum," Nature 548, pp.573-577.
Hochstetler, Kathryn, Ann Marie Clark, and Elisabeth Jay Friedman, December 2000. "Sovereignty in the Balance: Claims and Bargains at the UN Conference on the Environment, Human Right, and Women," International Studies Quarterly, Vol.44, No.4, pp.591-614.
Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, October 1974. "Transnational Relations and International Organization," World Politics, Vol.27, No.1, pp.39~62.
Korten, David, Autumn 1987. "Third generation NGO strategies: A key to people-centred development," World Development, Vol.15, Supplement 1, pp.145-159.
Krasner, Stephen D., Spring 1982. "Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables,"
International Organization, Vol.36, No.2, pp.185-205.
Lewis, David, 1998. "Bridging the gap?: the parallel universes of the non-profit and non-governmental organization research traditions and the changing context of voluntary action," CVO(Centre for Voluntary Organization) International Working Paper, No.1, pp.1-15.
McKean, Roland, June 1965. "The Unseen Hand in Government," The American Economic Review, Vol.55 Issue 3, pp.496-506.
McKibbin, Warwick J. and Peter J. Wilcoxen, Spring 2002. "The Role of Economics in Climate Change Policy," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.16, No.2, pp.107-129.
Morgan, Jennifer L. and Stephan J. Porter, October 25, 1999. "Institutions for the Kyoto Protocol: A Joint CLEL/WWF Proposal," Discussion draft prepared for the fifth conference of the parties.
Posner, Eric A. and David Weisbach, October 2008. "Climate Change Justice," Georgetown Law Journal, Vol.96, No.5, pp.1565-1612.
Rice, Andrew E. and Cyril Ritchie, July 1995. "Relationships between International Non-Governmental Organizations and the United Nations," A Research and Policy Paper, Research Project Office, Switzerland.
Roberts, J. Timmons, August 2011. "Multipolarity and the new world (dis)order: US hegemonic decline and the fragmentation of the global climate regime," Global Environmental Change, Vol.21,Issue 3, pp.776-784.
Salamon, Lester M., January 1, 1987."Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government," Journal of Voluntary Research, Vol.16, Issue 1-2, pp.29-49.
Salamon, Lester M., July 1, 1994. "The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector," Foreign Affairs, Vol.73, No.4, pp.109-122.
Schroeder, Heike and Heather Lovell, January 2012. "The Role of Non-Nation-State Actors and Side Events in the International Climate Negotiations," Climate Policy, Vol.12, No.1, pp. 23-37.
Stoker, Gerry, 1998. "Governance as theory: five propositions,"International Social Science Journal, Vol. 50, No.1, pp.7-28.
Tamiotti, Ludivine and Matthias Finger, February 2001. "Environmental Organizations: Changing Roles and Functions in Global Politics," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.1, Issue 1, pp.56-76.
Tyndall, John, 1861. "On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connection of Radiation Absorption, and Conduction," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol.151, pp.1-36.
Ullman, Richard H., Summer 1983. "Redefining Security," International Security, Vol.8, No.1, pp.129 -153.
Usher, Peter, 1989. "World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere:Implications for Global Security: The Conference Statement,"Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, Vol.31, No.1, pp.25-27.
Vogle, John, July 2009. "Climate change and EU foreign policy: The negotiation of burden sharing," International Politics, Vol.46,Issue 4, pp.469–490.
Walt, Stephen M., June 1991. "The Renaissance of Security Studies," International Studies Quarterly, Vol.35, No.2, pp.211-239.
Weiss, Thomas G., Tatiana Carayannis, and Richard Jolly, January–March 2009. "The 'Third' United Nations," Global Governance, Vol.15,No.1, pp.123-142.
Whalley, John and Sean Walsh, June 2009. "Bringing the Copenhagen Global Climate Change Negotiations to Conclusion," CESifo Economic Studies, Vol.55, Issue 2, pp.255–285.
White, Robert M., July 1979. "The World Climate Conference," WMO Bulletin, Vol.28, No.3, pp.177-187.
Yamin, Farnana, January 1998. "Climate change negotiation: an analysis of the Kyoto Protocol," International Journal of Environment and Pollution, Vol.10, No.3/4, pp.428-453.
Zillow, John W., July 2009. "A History of Climate Activities," WMO Bulletin, Vol.58, No.3, pp.141-150.
3、United Nations Documents
United Nations, 1973. "Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 5-16 June 1972," A/CONF.48/14/REV.1
-------, 1945. "Charter of the United Nations, Chapter X, Article 71,"Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the Court ofJustice.
United Nations Economic and Social Council, February 27, 1950.Resolution 288 B (X), UN doc. E/1661.
-------, May 23,1968. Resolution 1296 (XLIV), UN doc. E/4548.
-------, July 25, 1996. Resolution 1996/31, 49th plenary meeting.
United Nations Environment Programme, May 25, 1989. Governing Council decision 15/36.
United Nations General Assembly, December 20, 1961. Resolution No.1721 (XVI).
-------, December 6, 1988. Resolution 43/53, A/RES/43/53.
-------, December 22, 1989. Resolution 44/207, A/RES/ 44/207.
-------, December 21, 1990. Resolution 45/212, A/RES/ 45/212.
-------, November 8, 1990. "Report of the Secretary-General Addendum," UN doc. A/45/696/Add.1, Annex III.
-------, March 8, 1991. "Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change on the work of its first session, held at Washington DC from 4 to 14 February 1991," A/AC.237/6.
-------, May 7, 1991."Provisional agenda and annotations to the provisional agenda, including suggestions for the organization of work," A/AC.237/7.
-------, May 15, 1992. "Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change the work of the second part of its fifth session, held at New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992," A/AC.237/18 (Part II)/Add.1.
-------, February 7, 1995. "Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change Eleventh Session," A/AC.237/INF.15/Rev.2/Corr.1.
--------, March 8, 1991. "Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change the work of its first session, held at Washington DC from 4 to 14 February 1991," A/AC.237/6.
--------, October 16, 1992. "Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change on the work of the second part of its fifth session, held at New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992," A/AC.237/18 (Part 2).
--------, February 12, 1991. "List of participants (INC1)," A/AC.237/INF.1.
--------, July 31, 1991. " List of participants (INC2)," A/AC.237/INF.5.
--------, November 13, 1991. "List of participants (INC3)," A/AC.237/INF.6.
--------, January 28, 1992. "List of participants (INC4)," A/AC.237/INF.7.
--------, March 18, 1992. "List of participants (INC5, Part 1)," A/AC.237/ INF.8.
--------, May 22, 1992. "List of participants (INC5, Part 2)," A/AC.237/INF.9.
--------, November 8, 1990. "Report of the Secretary-General Addendum," UN doc. A/45/696/Add.1, Annex III.
--------, October 16, 1992. "Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change on the work of the second part of its fifth session, held at New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992," A/AC.237/18 (Part II).
--------, March 8, 1991. "Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change on the work of its first session, held at Washington DC from 4 14 February 1991," A/AC.237/6.
--------, August 19, 1991. "Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change on the work of its second session, held at Geneva from 19 to 28 June 1991," A/AC.237/9.
--------, October 25, 1991. "Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change on the work of its third session, held at Nairobi from 9 to 20 September 1991," A/AC.237/12.
--------, January 29, 1992. "Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change on the work of its fourth session, held at Geneva from 9 to 20 December 1991," A/AC.237/15.
--------, March 10, 1992. "Report of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change on the work of the first part of its fifth session, held at New York from 18 to 28 February 1992," A/AC.237/18 (Part 1).
--------, October 16, 1992. "Report of the Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change on the work of the second part of its fifth session, held at New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992," A/AC.237/18 (Part 2).
4、United Nations Publications
United Nations, 1993. "Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992," Vol. 1.
--------, 1996. "The United Nations and The Advancement of Women, 1945-1996," The United Nations Blue Books Series Volume VI.
United Nations Development Programme, 1994. Human Development Report 1994. New York: Oxford University.
United Nations Environment Programme, September 1989. "United Nations Environment Programme: Governing Council
Decision on Global Climate Change," Vol.28, No.5,pp.1330-
1334.
World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. "The Global Challenge: Sustainable Development," Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. United Nation: WCED.
World Meteorological Organization, January 1977. "Technical Report bythe WMO Executive Committee Panel of Experts on Climatic Change," WMO Bulletin, Vol.26, No.1, pp.50-55.
-------, April 1979. "Declaration of the World Climate Conference,"WMO Bulletin, Vol.28, No.2, pp.124 -126.
-------, 1979. "Eighth World Meteorological Congress: Abridged Report with Solutions," WMO - No.533.
-------, 1979. "Proceeding of the World Climate Conference, A Conference of Experts on Climate and Mankind, Geneva 12-23 February 1979," WMO- No.537.
-------, 1986. "Report of the International Conference on the Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts," WMO- No.661.
5、United Nations Framework Convention on Climate (UNFCCC) Reports
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate. "United Nations 1992," FCCC/INFORMAL/84, GE. 05-62220 (E) 200705.
-------, June 6, 1995. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its First Session," FCCC/CP/1995/7/Add.1.
-------, 29 October 1996. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its Second Session, Held at Geneva from 8 to 19 July 1996," FCCC/CP/1996/15/Add.1.
-------, March 25, 1998. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its Third Session, Held at Kyoto from 1 to 11 December 1997,"FCCC/CP/1997/7/Add.1.
-------, January 25, 1999. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its Fourth Session, Held at Buenos Aires from 2 to 14 November 1998," FCCC/CP/1998/16/Add.1.
-------, February 2, 2000. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Fifth Session, Held at Bonn from 25 October to 5 1999," FCCC/CP/1999/6/Add.1.
-------, September 25, 2001. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on the Second Part of Its Sixth Session, Held at Bonn from 16 to 27 July 2001," FCCC/CP/2001/5.
-------, March 25, 1998. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its Third Session, Held at Kyoto from 1 to 11 December 1997," FCCC/ CP/1997/7/Add.1.
-------, January 21, 2002. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its Seventh Session, Held at Marrakesh from 29 October to 11 November 2001," FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.1.
-------, March 28,2003. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its eighth session, held at New Delhi from 23 October to 1November 2002," FCCC/CP/2002/7/Add.1.
-------, November 25, 2005. "Conference of the Parties Eleventh Session," FCCC/CP/2005/INF.1
-------, November 25, 2005. "Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol," FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/INF.1, Annex 2.
-------, March 30, 2006. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its eleventh session, held at Montreal from 28 November to 10 December 2005," FCCC/CP/2005/5/Add.1.
-------, March 30, 2006. "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its first session, held at Montreal from 28 November to 10 December 2005," FCCC/KP/CMP/
2005/8/Add.1.
-------, March 14, 2008. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007," FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1*.
-------, March 30, 2010. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009," FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1.
-------, March 15, 2011. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010," FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1.
-------, March 15, 2012. "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its seventh session, held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011," FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/
10/Add.1.
-------, March 15, 2012. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its seventeenth session, held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011," FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1.
-------, February 28, 2013. "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its eighth session, held in Doha from 26 November to 8 December 2012 (1/CMP.8 )," FCCC/KP/CMP/
2012/13/Add.1.
-------, February 2, 2015. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twentieth session, held in Lima from 1 to 14 December 2014," FCCC/CP/2014/10/Add.1.
-------, January 29, 2016. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015," FCCC/CP/2015/10/
Add.1.
-------, June 6, 1995. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its First Session," FCCC/CP/1995/7/Add.1.
-------, March 25, 1998. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its Third Session, Held at Kyoto from1 to 11 December 1997," FCCC/CP/1997/7/Add.1.
-------, May 24, 1995. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its first session, held at Berlin from 28 March to 7 April 1995. Part one: Proceedings," FCCC/CP/
1995/7.
-------, October 29, 1996. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its second session, held at Geneva from 8 to 19 July 1996. Part One: Proceedings," FCCC/CP/1996/15.
-------, March 6, 1998. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its third session, held at Kyoto, from 1 to 11 December 1997. Part one: Proceedings," FCCC/CP/1997/7.
-------, January 25, 1999. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its Fourth Session, Held at Buenos Aires from 2 to 14 November 1998," FCCC/CP/1998/16/ Add.1.
-------, September 25, 2001. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on the Second Part of Its Sixth Session, Held at Bonn from 16 to 27 July 2001," FCCC/CP/ 2001/5.
-------, January 21, 2002. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its Seventh Session, Held at Marrakesh from 29 October to 11 November 2001," FCCC/CP/ 2001/13/Add.1.
-------, January 20, 1999. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fourth session, held at Buenos Aires from 2 to 14 November 1998. Part one: Proceedings," FCCC/CP/1998/16.
-------, December 21, 1999. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifth session, held at Bonn from 25 October to 5 November 1999. Part one: Proceedings," FCCC/CP/1999/6.
-------, April 4, 2001. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on the first part of its sixth session, held at The Hague from 13 to 25 November 2000," FCCC/ CP/2000/5.
-------, September 25, 2001. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on the second part of its sixth session, held at Bonn from 16 to 27 July 2001. Part one: Proceedings," FCCC/CP/2001/5.
-------, January 21, 2002. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its seventh session, held at Marrakesh from 29 October to November 2001. Part one: Proceedings," FCCC/CP/2001/13.
-------, March 28, 2003. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its eighth session, held at New Delhi from 23 October to 1 November 2002. Part one: Proceedings," FCCC/CP/2002/7.
-------, March 30, 2004. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on ninth session, held at Milan from 1 to 12 December 2003. Part one: Proceedings," FCCC /CP/2003/6.
-------, April 18, 2005. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its tenth session, held at Buenos Aires from 6 to 18 December 2004. Part one: Proceedings," FCCC/CP/
2004/10.
-------, March 25, 1998. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its Third Session, Held at Kyoto from1 to 11 December 1997," FCCC/CP/1997/7/Add.1.
-------, March 14, 2008. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December 2007," FCCC/ CP/2007/6/Add.1*.
-------, March 30, 2010. "Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009," FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1.
-------, March 16, 2010. "List of participants," FCCC/
CP/2009/INF.(Part 2 & 3).
-------, March 15, 2012. "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its seventh session, held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011," FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/
10/Add.1.
-------, February 28, 2013. "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its eighth session, held in Doha from 26 November to 8 December 2012 (1/CMP.8 )," FCCC/KP/CMP/
2012/13/Add.1.
-------, November 16, 2006. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2006/INF.1.
-------, December 14, 2007. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2007/INF.1 (Part 2).
-------, December 11, 2008. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2008/INF.1 (Part 2).
-------, March 16, 2010. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2009/INF.1(Part 2 & 3).
-------, December 10, 2010. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2010/INF.1 (Part 3).
-------, December 8, 2011. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2011/INF.3(Part 2).
-------, December 7, 2012. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2012/INF.2.
-------, November 21, 2013. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2013/INF.4.
-------, December 12, 2014. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2014/INF.2.
-------, December 11, 2015. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2015/INF.3 (Part 3).
-------, June 6, 1995. "Report of the Conference of Parties on Its First Session," FCCC/CP/1995/7/Add.1.
-------, April 6, 1995. "Directory of participants (COP1). Revision," FCCC/1995/INF.5/Rev.2.
-------, July 19, 1996. "List of participants (COP2)," FCCC/CP/1996/INF.2.
-------, December 9, 1997. "List of participants (COP3)," FCCC/CP/1997/ INF.5.
-------, November 12, 1998. "List of participants (COP4)," FCCC/CP/1998/ INF.8.
-------, November 4, 1999. "List of participants (COP5)," FCCC/CP/1999/ INF.3.
-------, November 24, 2000. "List of participants (COP6)," FCCC/CP/2000/INF.2.
-------, July 26, 2001. "List of participants (COP6. Part 2)," FCCC/CP/2001/ INF.2.
-------, November 8, 2001. "List of participants (COP7)," FCCC/CP/2001/ INF.4.
-------, November 1, 2002. "List of participants (COP8)," FCCC/CP/2002/ INF.2.
-------, December 11, 2003. "List of participants (COP9)," FCCC/CP/2003/ INF.1.
-------, December 17, 2004. "List of participants (COP10)," FCCC/CP/2004/INF.3.
-------, December 9, 2005. "List of participants (COP11)," FCCC/CP/2005/INF.2 (Part 1 & 2).
-------, November 16, 2006. "List of participants (COP12)," FCCC/CP/2006/INF.1.
-------, December 14, 2007. "List of participants: Part 2 (COP13)," FCCC/ CP/2007/INF.1 (Part 2).
-------, December 11, 2008. "List of participants: Part 2 (COP14),"FCCC/ CP/2008/INF.1 (Part 2).
-------, March 16, 2009. "List of participants: Part 2 & 3 (COP15)," FCCC/ CP/2009/INF.1 (Part 2 & 3).
-------, December 10, 2010. "List of participants: Part 3(COP16)," FCCC/CP/2010/INF.1 (Part 3).
-------, December 8, 2011. "List of participants: Part 2 & 3 (COP17)," FCCC /CP/2011/INF.3 (Part 2 & 3).
-------, December 7, 2012. "List of participants (COP18)," FCCC/CP/2012/ INF.2.
-------, November 21, 2013. "List of participants (COP19)," FCCC/CP/2013/INF.4.
-------, December 12, 2014. "List of participants," FCCC/CP/2014/INF.2.
-------, December 11, 2015. "List of participants: Part 3," FCCC/CP/2015/INF.3 (Part 3).
6、Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Publications
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, June 1990. AR1: Scientific Assessment of Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, July 1990. AR1: Impacts Assessment of Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, October 1990. AR1: The IPCC Response Strategies. New York:Cambridge University Press.
-------, April 1992. Climate Change: The IPCC 1990 and Assessments. Canada: IPCC.
-------, February 1995. AR2: The Science of Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, July 1995. AR2: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, July 1995. AR2: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, October 1995. AR2: Synthesis Report. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, January 2001. TAR Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis.New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, May 2001. TAR Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation,and Vulnerability. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, July 2001. TAR Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. New York:Cambridge University Press.
-------, October 2001. TAR Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report.New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, June 2007. AR4 Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, June 2007. AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, July 2007. AR4 Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, September 2007. AR4 Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report.Switzerland: IPCC.
-------, September 2013. AR5 Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, March 2014. AR5 Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, April 2014. AR5 Climate Change 2014 – Mitigation of Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, October 2014. AR5 Climate Change 2014 – Synthesis Report. Switzerland: IPCC.
-------, March 1997. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. UK: Cambridge University Press.
-------, March 2005. Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System. UK: Cambridge University Press.
-------, April 2011. Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Mitigation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-------, October 2018. Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5°C. Switzerland: IPCC.
-------, November 1, 1996. Technologies, Policies and Measures Mitigating Climate Change. Switzerland: IPCC.
-------, May 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Switzerland: IPCC.
-------, April 1, 2002. Climate Change and Biodiversity. Switzerland: IPCC.
-------, June 1, 2008. Climate Change and Water. Switzerland: IPCC.
7、Union of International Association (UIA) Year Books
Union of International Association. Year Book of International Organizations 1990-1991, Vol. 1B. Brussels: Union of International Associations.
-------. Yearbook of International Organizations 2010/2011, Vol. 1B. Brussels: Union of International Associations.
-------. Year Book of International Organizations 2000-2001, Vol. 1B. Brussels: Union of International Associations.
-------. Year Book of International Organizations 2006-2007, Vol. 1B. Brussels: Union of International Associations.
8、Internet
Allegre, Claude, etc., January 16, 2012. "No Need to Panic About Global Warming," The Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/no-need-to-panic-about-global-warming-1386195856.
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), April 3, 2012. "Thai floods and the ubiquitous hard drive," http://www. bbc.com/news/business-17589073.
-------, June 1, 2017. "Paris climate deal: Trump pulls US out of 2015 accord," https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40127326.
Bird Life International. http://www.birdlife.org/.
Climate Action Network. "Fossil of the day," http://www.
climatenetwork.org/fossil-of-the- day.
-------. "Eco Newsletters," http://www.climatenetwork.
org/eco-newsletters.
-------. "CAN Member Organizations,"http://www.climate
network.org/about/ members.
-------. "CAN people," http://climatenetwork.org/
about/people.
-------. "CAN-International: Annual Report 2016," http://climatenetwork.org/ sites/default/files/can_
annual_report_2016_low_res.pd.
-------. "CAN Regional Networks," http://www.climatenet
work.org/about/can- regional-networks.
-------. "CAN Member Organizations," http://www.climate
network.org/about/ members.
-------. "About CAN," http://www.climatenetwork.org/
about/about-can.
Consumer News and Business Channel (CNBC), June 11, 2013. "Floods Could Cost Germany Billions," http://www. cnbc.
com/id/100807190.
Cable News Network (CNN), November 5, 2014 ."Hurricane Sandy Fast Facts," http://www.cnn./2013/07/13/world/
americas/hurricane-sandy-fast-facts/.
Connaughton, Jim L., October 22, 2004. "Ask the White House," https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/
ask/20041022.html.
Cuomo, Andrew, November 15, 2012. "We will lead on climate change, New York Daily News, http://www.nydaily
news.com/opinion/lead-climate-change-article-1.1202221.
Dahlman, LuAnn, September 11, 2017. "Climate Change: Global Temperature," National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://www.climate.gov/news-features/
understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature.
Durkin, Martin. "The Great Global Warming Swindle," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-m09lKtYT4.
Fauna & Flora International. https://www.fauna-flora.
org/.
Food and Agriculture Organization, 2005. "Impact of Climate Change,Pests and Diseases on Food Security and Poverty Reduction," http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/
assets/articles/attachments/01867_climatechange.pdf.
Friends of Nature. http://www.fonfeed.com/.
Gibbs, Walter and Sarah Lyall, October 13, 2007. "Gore Shares Peace Prize for Climate Change Work," The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/13/world/13nobel.
html.
Global Carbon Project. "CO2 Emissions," http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions.
Gore, Al, 2006. "An Inconvenient Truth," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vV4F7w-oQEg.
---------, 2017. "An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power," http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6322922/videoplayer/
vi1430763033?ref_=tt_ov_vi.
Greenpeace. "The threat of climate change," http://www.
greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change
/about/.
-------. "An interactive Timeline of Greenpeace's History, Victories and Successes," http://www.tiki-toki.
com/timeline/entry/594418/Greenpeace/#vars!date=1948-11-25_06:34:01!.
------. "Climate," https://www.greenpeace.org/
international/tag/climate/.
-------. "1991-International Treaty saves the Antarctic from deadly threat," https://www.greenpeace.org/archive- international/en/about/history/Victories-timeline/
Antarctic-Treaty/.
International Union for Conservation of Nature. https://
www.iucn.org/.
-------. "IUCN and World Heritage," https://www.iucn.org/
theme/world-heritage/about/iucn-and-world-heritage.
-------. "World Heritage Convention," https://www.iucn.
org/theme/world- heritage/about/world-heritage-convention.
International Committee of the Red Cross. "History of the ICRC," http://www.icrc.org/en/document/history-icrc.
International Energy Agency. "Key world energy statistics 2017," http:// www.iea.org/publications/free
publications/publication/KeyWorld2017.pdf.
International Law Association. http://www.ila-hq.org/
index.php/about-us/aboutus2.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. "Organization
," http://www.ipcc.ch/organization/organization. shtml.
-------. "Structure," http://www. ipcc.ch/organization/
organization_structure.shtml.
International Union of Forest Research Organizations. https://www.iufro.org/science/divisions/.
Johnston, Ian, February 14, 2017. "More than 700 species facing extinction are being hit by climate change," The Independent,http://www. independent.co.uk/environment
/animal-species-700-extinction-climate-change-global-
warming-oceans-pollution-a7579716.html.
Koprowski, Gene J., December 18, 2009. "Czech President Klaus: Global Warming Not Science, but a 'New Religion'," Fox News, http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2009/12/18/czech-
president-klaus-global-warming-science-new-religion.html.
Lowe, Judy, September 30, 2009. "How will climate change affect agriculture?" The Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Bright-Green/2009/0930/how will-climate-change-affect-agriculture.
McKie, Robin, December 14, 2014. "Earth faces sixth 'great extinction'with 41% of amphibians set to go the way of the dodo," The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.
com/environment/2014/dec/14/earth-faces-sixth-great-
extinction-with-41-of- amphibians-set-to-go-the-way-of-
the-dodo.
Members of the NGO Community, June 2009. "A Copenhagen Climate Treaty Version 1.0," A Proposal for a Copenhagen Agreement,https://www.greenpeace.de/sites/www.greenpeace.de/files/NGO_Treaty_Overview_0.pdf.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. "Land Ice," http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/land-ice/.
-------. "Global Climate Change," http://climate.nasa.
gov/vital-signs/sea-level/.
-------. "Arctic Sea Ice Minimum," https://climate.nasa.
gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice/.
-------. "United States Climate Alliance," https://www.
usclimatealliance.org/.
National Centers for Environmental Information, January 18, 2018. "2017 was Earth's third-warmest year on record," National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/
2017-was-earths-third-warmest-year-record.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide," https://www.esrl.noaa.gov
/gmd/ccgg/trends/full.html.
-------. "Arctic Sea Ice, Minimum," https://climate.nasa.
gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice/.
Oregon Global Warming Petition Project. http://www.
petitionproject.org/index.php.
Philippines National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council."Final Report re Effects of Typhoon 'Yolanda' (Haiyan)," http://www. ndrrmc.gov.ph/
attachments/article/1329/FINAL_REPORT_re_Effects_of_Typhoon_YOLANDA_(HAIYAN)_06-09NOV2013. pdf.
Preston, Shelley, Spring 1994. "Electronic Global Networking and the NGO Movement: The 1992 Rio Summit and Beyond," Swords and Ploughshares: A Chronicle of International Affairs, Vol.3,No.2, http://www.africa.
upenn.edu/Comp_Articles/Electronic_Global_19411. html.
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. https://www.
rspb.org.uk/about-the-rspb/about-us/our-history/.
Sierra Club. "Sierra Club Strategic Plan Overarching Visionary Goals,"https://www.sierraclub.org/policy.
Stern, Nicholas, July 4, 2010. "Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change: Executive Summary,” Her Majesty’s Treasury,http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.
br/~rmclima/pdfs/Long%20Executive%20Summary.pdf.
The Guardian, September 20, 2019. "Across the globe, millions join biggest climate protest ever," https://
www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/21/across-the-globe-millions-join-biggest-climate-protest-ever.
The Nature Conservancy. https://www.nature.org/.
The Salvation Army. https://www.salvationarmy.org/.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate. "Solely for the purposes of Article 21 of the Paris Agreement, information on the most up-to-date total and percent of greenhouse gas emissions communicated by Parties to the Convention in their national communications, greenhouse gas inventory reports, biennial reports or biennial update reports, as of 12 December 2015," https://unfccc.
int/process/transparency-and-reporting/greenhouse-gas-data/table-for-the-purposes-article-21.
-------. "Documents: Ad Hoc Group on Berlin Mandate," https://unfccc.int/documents?f%5B0%5D=body%3A1896.
-------. "Statistics on Side Events and Exhibits," https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/parties-non-party-stakeholders/non-party-stakeholders/statistics-on-non-party-stakeholders/statistics-on-side -events-and-exhibits.
-------. "Kyoto Climate Change Conference - December 1997: Special Events," http://unfccc.int/cop3/.
-------. "Past conferences overview," https://unfccc.
int/process#:606038e4-000c-47ee-8c49-4f590df37224:9b619
6fd-b9b5-4b2c-al33-ab97ac611271.
-------. "Side events/exhibits archive," https://seors.
unfccc.int/seors/reports /archive.html.
United Nations. "UN Conference on Environment and Development(1992)," http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.
html.
-------, January 9, 2017. "In opinion piece, Secretary-General António Guterres shares new vision for UN," https://news.un. org/en/story/2017/01/549082-opinion-piece-secretary-general-antonio-guterres-shares-new-vision-un.
-------. "non-governmental organization: definition(s)," https://www.informea.org/en/terms/non-governmental-organizatio.
-------. "Nairobi Declaration," http://www.un-documents.
net/nair-dec.htm.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs." Introduction to ECOSOC Consultative Status," http://csonet.org/index.php?menu =30.
United Nations Treaty Collection. "Chapter XXVII: Environment 7,United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, New York, 9 May 1992," https://treaties.
un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=
XXVII-7&chapter=27&Temp=mtdsg3& clang=_en.
-------. "Chapter XXVII: Environment 2, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna, 22 March 1985," https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src =TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-2&chapter=27&clang=_en.
-------. "Chapter XXVII: Environment 2a, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Montreal, 16 September 1987," https://treaties.un.org/
Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-2-a&chapter=27&clang =_en.
-------. "Chapter XXVII: Environment 7.a., Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change," https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-a&chapter=27&clang=_en.
-------. "Chapter XXVII: Environment 7.d., Paris Agreement," https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.
aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en.
-------. "States Parties to the Convention," https://www. apminebanconvention.org/states-parties-to-the-convention/.
United States Geological Survey Newsroom, November 17, 2014."Southern Beaufort Sea Polar Bear Population Declined in the 2000s," http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/
articleasp?ID=4055&from=rss#.VaS3W19Vikp.
Wildlife Conservation Society. https://www.wcs.org/.
White House, June 11, 2001. "President Bush Discusses Global ClimateChange," https://georgewbush-whitehouse.
archives.gov/news/releases/2001/06/20010611-2.html.
Young Men's Christian Association. http://www.ymca.int/
who-we-are/.
World Wildlife Fund. "Changing climate change," http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/climate_carbon_energy/.
-------. "Thank You for An Amazing Earth Hour," https://
www.earthhour.org/.
World Meteorological Organization. "History of WMO," https://public.wmo.int/en/about-us/who-we-are/history-of-wmo.
-------. "World Climate Programme," https://public.wmo.
int/en/programmes/world-climate-programme.
-------. "World Climate Programme (WCP)," http://www.wmo.
int/pages/prog/wcp/index_en.html.
-------. "History of WMO," https://public.wmo.int/en/
about-us/who-we-are/ history-of-wmo.
-------. "Building a Legacy through World Climate Conference-3,"https://public.wmo.int/en/bulletin/building
-legacy-through-world-climate -conference-3.