教育部實施鄉土教學之後，台灣原住民母語教育的規劃，是採由上而下的方式逐漸推行。原住民教育法案也在民國八十六年通過，不久的將來會成立族語幼稚園或小學。對照來看，目前紐西蘭毛利人的母語教學與台灣不同，是採由下而上的推廣方式，族語幼稚園—語言巢可說是蓬勃發展，而小學階段的族語教學更是普遍，其中的完全浸滲式毛利語教學，只要有資源、條件的配合，預估將成為最有成效的教學模式。因此，本文旨在探討毛利語教育的發展背景，並介紹其小學階段「完全浸滲式」毛利語教學的理論與實務，期盼提供台灣原住民母語教育，甚至日後設置族語小學教育的參考。
基於上述目的，本文採文獻分析與晤談並重的研究法，輔以實地參與、觀察。研究者在紐西蘭停留五週，一方面蒐集相關文獻，以補國內資料之不足，並進入Waikato大學圖書館，網羅紐西蘭當地學者的論著、官方文件及研究報告。另一方面，為了呈現小學完全浸滲式毛利語教學的實況，印證「浸滲式語言教學」的理論，擬定半結構式的訪談表後，進入兩所實施完全浸滲式教學的小學從事訪談工作。受訪對象總計八名，包括學校成員—校長、毛利語教師、董事會成員六名，以及雙語（毛利語/英語）學者兩名。訪談資料謄寫成文字稿後，再加以分析討論。茲將研究發現歸納如下：
1. 紐西蘭毛利語教育是族群社會覺醒的產物。
2. 紐西蘭毛利語教育有政府法令的配合。
3. 推動紐西蘭小學毛利語教育的關鍵人是校長。
4. 毛利兒童是否接受小學毛利語教育，尊重家長選擇權。
5. 政府有特別款補助小學推動毛利語教育。
6. 經費運用各校各有考量重點。
7. 從事毛利語教育的人力資源多樣。
8. 毛利語課程的實施遵循《紐西蘭課程大綱》。
9. 活動的實施展現毛利文化的特色。
10. 所在的社區對教學的實施有共識。
根據上述發現，本研究分別對紐西蘭小學毛利語教學、台灣原住民母語教學、以及後續研究，提出若干建議，以供參酌。

Aboriginal language education in Taiwan follows in the steps of up-to-bottom policies after Community and Local Study Programs launched by Ministry of Education. Pilot language programs, either in aboriginal kindergartens or primary schools, tend to be on the way with Aboriginal Education Act passed in 1997.Take Maori language education for example. Maori language programs are set up in a bottom-to-top style, slightly different from those in Taiwan, with Te Kohanga Reo (language nest) thriving in kindergartens and Maori Medium Education prevailing in primary schools. Among all, total immersion Maori programs in primary schools are bound to be a most effective teaching model, if sufficient resources and profitable conditions are available. Thus, this study aims to explore the historical contexts of Maori language education, introduce the theory and practice of immersion Maori programs, and give Taiwan aboriginal language education some food for thought. Moreover, some suggestions mean to benefit the establishment of aboriginal primary schools in the near future.
To fulfill these purposes, the researcher employs literature analysis and semi-structured interview as the main study approaches. Field study is engaged in New Zealand for five weeks. The General Library located in University of Waikato provides the researcher ready access to government documents, literature review by local educators and related research papers, which offer supplementary information not obtained in Taiwan. On the other hand, school-based interview centered on two schools adopting total immersion Maori programs serves to reveal the actual teaching milieu and clarify the theory of immersion language programs. The subjects for interview amounts to eight persons, including six school personnel---principals, Maori teachers, Board of Trustee’s representatives--- and two bilingual educators. The researcher cites each subject’s statements in order of themes to undergo discussion and analysis. Major findings on total immersion Maori programs in primary schools are as follows:
1. Maori education in New Zealand derives from the awareness of Maori community.
2. Maori education in New Zealand uses government policies as a guide.
3. The key man supporting the promotion of Maori education in a primary school is the principal.
4. Whether all Maori children should accept Maori Language programs depends on their parental choice.
5. The government has offered a bulk grant for the promotion of Maori language education.
6. The allocation of Maori language funds varies from school to school, with its own priority.
7. The human resources engaged in Maori language education are of great diversity.
8. Teaching practice of Maori language programs should follow NZ curriculum Framework.
9. Teaching activities put stress on the display of Maori culture.
10.Immersion Maori programs are adopted in a school where its community has consensus.

尹建中（民85）。少數民族教育：紐西蘭毛利人教育改革個案探討。考古人類學刊，51，129-147。
江文瑜（民82）。台灣母與教育現況之探討。華文世界，75，59-65。
宋神財（民83）。台北縣立烏來國民小學泰雅母語教學施行情況報告。人本教育札記，66，98-107。
李壬癸（民86）。珍惜沒有文字的語言。發表於全國原住民教育會議專題演講。
姜添輝（民86）。原住民教育的政策分析。原住民教育季刊，5，1-37。
紐西蘭外交暨貿易部（民84）。紐西蘭概況。紐西蘭外交暨貿易部。
張欣戊（民84）。也談雙語教育。華文世界，77，12-16。
教育部（民86）。中華民國原住民教育報告書。台北：教育部。
黃政傑（民80）。教育研究的倫理，輯於黃光雄、簡茂發主編：教育研究法。台北：師大書苑。
黃光雄、簡茂發主編（民80）。教育研究法。台北：師大書苑。
黃宣範（民82）。語言社會與族群意識：台灣語言社會學的研究。台北：文鶴。
黃美金（民84）。台灣地區本土語言教材編纂現況之探討。華文世界，75，37-45。
黃美金（民86）。多元文化的課程與教學。發表於多元文化教育的理論與實際國際學術研討會。國立台灣師範大學教育系主辦。
黃瑞琴（民80）。質的教育研究方法。台北：心理。
劉振倫（民83）。台灣母與及鄉土教材教學之文化意識分析—以宜蘭縣為例。東吳大學社會學研究所碩士論文。（未出版）
謝國平（民82）。從語言規劃看雙語教育。教師天地，67，16-21。
Albert, M. L. & Obler, L. K. (1978). The Bilingual Brain. N. Y.:Academic Press.
Aspin, S. C. (1994). A Study of Mathematics Achievement in a Kura Kaupapa Maori. Applied Linguistics Department, Victoria University, Wellington, NZ.
Aresenia, S. (1937). Bilingualism and Mental Development. N. Y.:Columbia Univ.
Banks, J. A. (1988). Multiethnic Education, 2nd. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Barke, E. M. (1933). A Study of the Comparative Intelligence of Children in Certain Bilingual and Monoglot Schools in South Wales. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 3, 237-50.
Barr, H. (1994). Toward a Bicultrual Education System: the Experience of New Zealand. National Forum: Phi Kappa Phi Journal, 74, 12-15.
Barrington, J. M. & Beaglehole, T. H. (1974). Mori Schools in a Changing Society. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Educational Research.
Barrington, J. M. (1991). The New Zealand Experience: Maoris, in Gibson, M. A. & Ogbu, J. U. (eds). Minority status and schooling. N.Y.: Garland.
Benton, R. A. (1978). Problems and Prospects for Indigenous Languages and Bilingual Education in NZ and Oceania, in Spolsky, B. & Cooper, R. L. (eds) Case Study in Bilingual Education. Rowlry, Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers.
Benton, R. A. (1991). “Tomorrow’s Schools” and the Revitalization of Maori: Stimulus or Tranquilizer? in Garcia, O. (ed) (1991). Bilingual Education: Focusschrift in Honor of Joshua A. Fishman on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday. Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
Benton, R. A. (1996). Towards a Language Policy for NZ Eduction, in Webber, B. (ed) He Paepae Korero: Research Perspectives in Maori Education.
Benton, R. A. (1996). Towards a Languages Policy for New Zealand Education, in Webber, B. (ed). He Paepae Korero: Research perspectives in Maori. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Education Research.
Benton, R. A. (1997). The Maori Language: Dying or Reviving? Wellington: NZCER.
Ben-Zeev, S. (1977). The Influence of Bilingualism on Cognitive Strategy and Cognitive Development. Child Development,48, 1009-18.
Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bogdan, R. (1983). Teaching Fieldwork to Education Researchers. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 14 (3), 171-78.
Bogdan, R. C. & Biklen, S. K. (1998). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Cazden, C. B. (1992). A Multicultural Primary School in Auckland. Whole Language Plus: Essays on Literacy in the United States and New Zealand.
Cooper, H. M. (1982). Scientific Guidelines for Conducting Integrative Research. Review of Educational Research, 52 (2), 291-30.
Cowen, R. & McLean, M. (eds) (1985). Intemational Handbook of Education Systems. 2nd. London: University of London.
Coxon, E., Massey L. and Marshall J. (1994). Introduction., in Coxon, E., Jenkins, K., Marshall, J., Massey, L. (eds) (1994). The Politics of Learning and Teaching in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Palmerston North: the Dunmore Press.
Cummins, J. (1978). Metalinguistic Awareness of Children in Bilingual Education Programs: Data from Irish and Canadian Ukrainian-English Programs. in M. Paradis (ed). Aspects of Bilingualism. SC, Columbia: Horn Beam.
Cummins, J. (1981). Bilingualism and Minority Language Children. Toronto: OISE Press.
Cummins, J. (1984). Bilingualism and Special Education: Issues in Assessment and Pedagogy. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Cummins, J., & Swain, M. (1986). Bilingualism in Education: Aspects of Theory, Research and Practice. New York: Longman.
Diebold, A. (1961). Incipient bilingualism. Language 37, 97-112.
Donald, K. (1994). New Zealand Choice through School Autonomy. School: a Matter of Choice/Centre for Educational Research and Innovation. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Fasold, R. (1984). The Sociolinguistics of Society. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Ferguson, C. (1959). Diglossia. Word 15:325-40.
Fishman, J. A. (1991). Maori: the Native Language of New Zealand. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to threatened Languages. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
Garcia, O. (1991). A Gathering of Voices, a Legion of Scholarly Decency, in Garcia, O. (ed). Bilingual Education: Focusschrift in Honor of Joshua A. Fishman on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday: V. 1, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co
Genesee, F. (1982). Experimental Neuropsychological Research on Second Language Processing. TESOL Quarterly, 16, 315-22.
Genesee, F. (1984). French Immersion Programs, in Shapson, S & Vincent D’oyley (ed) Bilingual and Multicultural Education: Canadian Perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Gordon, L. (1997). “ Tomorrow’s Schools” Today: School Choice and the Education Quasi-Market, in Olssen, M. & Mattews, K. M. NZ: the 1990s and Beyond. Palmerston North: the Dunmore Press.
Government Review Team (1988). Government Review of Te Kohanga Reo. Wellington: the Review Team.
Hakuta, K. (1986). Mirror of Language. N.Y.: Basic Books.
Harley, B. (1991). Directions in Immersion Research. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 12 (1?), 9-19.
Haugen, E. (1953). The Norwegian language in America: A study in bilingual behavior, 2Vols. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsulvania.
Hockett, C. (1958). A Course in Modern Linguistics. Toronto: MacMillan.
Holmes, T. (1991). Indigenous Bilingual EC Programmes in Aotearoa, Wales, and the U.S. (ED346972)
Ianco-Worrall, A. D. (1972). Bilingaulism and Cognitive Development. Child Development, 43, 1390-1400, in Hoffman, D. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. N. Y.:Longman.
Jacques, K. (1991). Community Context of Maori-English Bilingual Education: A Study of Six South Island Primary School Programmes. Education Department, Canterbury University, Christchurch, NZ.
Jenkins, K. with Ka’ai, T. (1994). Maori Education: A Cultural Experience and dilemma for the State–a New Direction for Maori Society, in Coxon, E., Jenkins, K., Marshall, J., Massey, L. (eds) (1994). The Politics of Learning and Teaching in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Palmerston North: the Dunmore Press.
Jones, A., McCulloch, G., Marshall, J., Smith, L. T. and Smith, G. H. (1990). Myths and Realities: Schooling in New Zealand. Palmerston North: the Dunmore Press.
Jones, W. R. (1952). The Language Handicap of Welsh-speaking Children. British Journal of Education, 22, 114-23.
Jones, W. R. (1966). Biligualism in Welsh Education. Cardiff: Univ. of Wales.
Kaai-Oldman, T. (1988). A History of New Zealand Education from a Maori Perspective, in Hirsh, W & Scott, R. (ed) Getting it Right: Aspects of Ethnicity and Equity in New Zealand Education. Auckland: Office of the Race Relations Conciliators.
King, J. (1995). Maori English as A Solidarity Marker for Te Reo Maori. New Zealand Studies in Applied Linguistics, 1995 (1), 51-59.
Lennenberg, E. H. (1976). The Biological Foundations of Language. N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons.
Macnamara, J. (1966). Biligualism and Primary Education. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ.
Maori Education Funding (Vote: Education) http://www.govt.zn/edu/maori/funding.html
McLaughlin, B.(1984). Second Language Acquisition in Childhood: Vol. 1. Preschool Children. N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
McPherson, J. (1994). Making Changes: Action Research for Developing Maori-Laguage Policies in Mainstream Schools. (ED377691)
Meisel, J. (1989). Early Differentiation of Languages in Bilingual Children, in K. Hyltenstam & Obler, L. K. (eds) Bilingualism Across the Life-span. Great Britain: Cambridge University.
Metge, J. (1976). The Maoris of New Zealand. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Mitchell, D. (1997). Tomorrow’s Schools: Devolution in New Zealand Education. http://servius.waikato.ac.nz/edstudies/mitchell/perth.htm
Mitchell, H. A. & Mitchell, M. J. (1993). Maori Teachers Who Leave the Classroom. Wellington: NZCER.
Morrison, J. R. (1953). Bilingualism: Some Psychological Aspects. The Advancement of Science, 56, 287-90.
NZ Department of Internal Affairs (1995). The Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: NZ Department of Internal Affairs.
NZ Department of Statistics (1995). New Zealand Official Yearbook 1994. Wellington: NZ Department of Statistics.
NZ Department of Statistics (1997). New Zealand Official Yearbook 1996. Wellington: NZ Department of Statistics.
NZ Ministry of Education (1984). Taha Maori in Schools: Suggestions for Getting Started. Wellington: NZ Department of Education.
NZ Ministry of Education (1993). The NZ Curriculum Framework. Wellington: NZ Ministry of Education.
NZ Ministry of Education (1994). Education for the 21th Century. Wellington: Learning Media Ltd.
NZ Ministry of Education (1997a). Ngā Haeata Matauianga: Annual Report on Maori Education 1996/97 & Direction for 1998. Wellington: NZ Ministry of Education.
NZ Ministry of Education (1997b). Tihē Mauri Ora! : Maori Language Junior Classes to Form2 Syllabus for Schools. Wellington: Learning Media, NZ Ministry of Education.
Ogbu, J. U. (1978). Minority Education and Caste. N.Y.: Academic Press.
Orange, Claudia. (1991) The Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: Allen and Unwin.
Peddie, R. A. (1993). The Policy Context: New Zealand and Victoria. Policy to Practice: the Implementation of Languages Policies in Victoria, Australia and Auckland. Auckland: Center for Continuing Education, University of Auckland.
Pere, R. R. (1979). Taku Taha Maori: My Maoriness, in He Matapuna (Some Maori Perspectives). Wellington: New Zealand Planning Council.
Poutu, P. & Waho, T. (1989). Beyond Kōhanga–a Report on the Establishment of a Kura Kaupapa Maori in Manawata, Rapua Te Kura Tika Inc., Palmerston North.
Reedy, T. (1992). Kura Kaupapa Maori, Research and Development Project: Final Report. Wellington: NZ Ministry of Education.
Renwick, W. L. (1984). What Is Taha Maori? Taha Maori in Schools: Suggestions for Getting Started. Wellington: NZ Department of Education.
Saer, D. J. (1923). The Effect of Bilingualism on Intelligence. British Journal of Psychology, 14, 25-28.
Shafer, S. M. (1988). Bilingual/Bicultural Education for Maori Cultural Preservation in New Zealand. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural development, 9 (6), 487-501.
Simon, J. (1994). Historical Perspectives on Education in New Zealand, in Coxon, E., Jenkins, K., Marshall, J., Massey, L. (eds) . The Politics of Learning and Teaching in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Palmerston North: the Dunmore Press.
Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (1984). Bilingualism or not. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Smith, F. (1923). Bilingualism and Mental Development. British Journal of Psychology, 13, 271-82.
Smith, G. H. (1991). Tomorrow’s Schools and the Development of Maori Education, in the Second Educational Policy Conference. Wellington: NZCER.
Smith, L. T. (1992). Kura Kaupapa Maori and the Implications for Curriculum, in MaCulloch, G. (ed) (1992). The School Curriculum in NZ: History, Theory, Policy and Practice. Palmerston North:the Dunmore Press.
Smith, M. E. (1931). A Study of Five Bilingual Children from the Same Family. Children Development, 2, 184-87.
Smith, M. E. (1939). Some Light on the Problem of Bilingualism as Found from a Study of the Progress in Mastery of English among Preschool Children of Non-American Ancestry in Hawaii. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 21, 119-284.
Smith, M. E. (1949). Measurement of Vocabularies of Young Bilingual Children in Both of the Languages Used. Journal of Genetic Psychology , 74, 305-10.
Spolsky, B. (1987). Report on Maori-English Bilingual Education. Wellington: NZ Department of Education.
Spolsky, B. (1989). Maori Bilingual Education and Language Revitalisation. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 10 (2), 89-106.
Spolsky, B. (1990). Hebrew Language Revitalization within a General Theory of Second Language Learning, in Cooper, R. L. & Spolsky. B. (eds) The Influence of Language on Culture and Thought: Essays in Honour of Joshua A. Fishman’s 65th Birthday, Mouton de Gruyter, 137-155.
Strategic Direction for Maori Education 1994/95. http://www.govt.nz/edu/maori/strt-dir [1997c/5/25]
Taylor, S., Rizvi, F., Lingard, B. & Henry, M. (1997). Educational Policy and the Politics of Change. N.Y.: Routledge.
Te Puni Kokiri (1993). The Benefits of Kura Kaupapa. Wellington: NZ Ministry of Maori Development.
Wagemaker, H. (1987). Maori and Pakeha School Performance: the Challenge for Educational Policy and Research. (ED280162)
Waikato, R. B. (1996). Addressing Issues of Self-determination and Legitimation in Kaupapa Maori Research, in Webber, B. (ed) He Paepae Korero: Research Perspectives in Maori Education. Wellington: New Zealand Council for Education Research.
Waite, J. (1992a). Aoteareo: Speaking for Ourselves. Part A. Wellington: Learning Media.
Waite, J. (1992b). Aoteareo: Speaking for Ourselves. Part B. Wellington: Learning Media.
Yoshioka, J. G. (1929). A Study of Bilingualism. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 36, 473-79.