研究生: |
楊又欣 Yo-hsin Yang |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
性/別觀光─台灣男同志之歐洲想像與身體展演 Gender andTourism: Cultural Imagination and Body Performance of Taiwanese Gay Touristic Experiences in Europe |
指導教授: |
葉秀燕
Yeh, Hsiu-Yen |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
歐洲文化與觀光研究所 Graduate Institute of European Cultures and Tourism |
論文出版年: | 2013 |
畢業學年度: | 101 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 161 |
中文關鍵詞: | 文化想像 、身體展演 、性/別 、種族 、階級 、歐洲 |
英文關鍵詞: | cultural imagination, body performance, sex/gender, race, class, europe |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:538 下載:60 |
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觀光旅遊和文化想像以及身體存在緊密的關係。本研究以12位台灣男同志的歐洲旅遊經驗為主要分析文本,探討台灣男同志對於歐洲的文化想像與歐遊中的身體和性/別展演策略。首先,本研究發現受訪者對於歐洲的生活風格、社會風氣甚至是歐洲白人都抱持著不同層次的正面想像,透過旅遊實踐中對歐洲的凝視、體驗以及與台灣文化的對比,受訪者形塑一種「東方主義」式的自我貶抑,這樣的情感結構揉雜了歐遊消費中那種仿擬甚至是想要「成為」歐洲人的渴望,於是形成了一種自我的「雙重他者化」。此外,本研究也發現台灣男同志歐遊中的性/別與身體展演與他們對地方及空間的想像存在著相依相生、多元角力的互動關係,同時歐遊也可視為一種出櫃資本的積累,而賦與台灣男同志在性/別與身體展演上更大的能動性。
在這些觀光現象背後,本研究也覺察到包含了性別、地方與身體在內三個不同面向的階級分化現實。在性別部分,男同志為規避潛在的恐同風險,在旅行中必須小心隱藏自身性傾向,而這也凸顯同志社群相較於異性戀在社會中的次等地位。此外,在男同志社群內部,歐遊本身也就暗示著某種階級性,而只有具備特定消費能力的人才能進行這種跨國移動。另方面,歐洲做為一個觀光目的地,不僅消費較為昂貴,其所代表的豐富歷史文化和品味美學都標示了一種與其他地區甚至是台灣本身在文化與品味上的優劣位階,而構築了不同「地方」之間的階級。最後,在受訪者的論述中,我們也看到了年輕/衰老、陽剛/陰柔與白人/非白人三組對於男同志身體的階級劃分,連結前述的地方階級,於是出現了一種「歌頌西方他者、矮化東方自我」的失衡現象。
Tourism, cultural imagination and the body areclosely connected. To discuss their cultural imagination of Europe and strategies in body and gender performance, this thesis interview 12 Taiwanese gays and analyze their travel experiences in Europe. First, the thesis finds out that the interviewees have variousdegrees of positive imaginations toward the life style, societyand even the Caucasian in Europe. Combining these imaginations and the comparisonwithTaiwanese culture, the interviewees tend to construct an Orientalism perspective to belittle the self (Taiwan) andpraise the Other (Europe).This emotional complex is associated with a desire to emulate or even “become” European. Consequently, it is a process of dual-othering.Second, the thesis also discusses thedynamicsbetween body performance and the imagination of place/space in the context of Taiwanesehomosexualtravel experience in Europe. From this, the thesis points outthatthe trips to Europe can be seen as an “accumulation of capital” for Taiwanese homosexual men to come out of the closet as they are endowed with more confidence and freedom to exhibit their sexuality.
Behind the aforementioned tourism phenomena, the thesis also observes three dimensions of class differentiations in gender, place andthebody. First, in order to avoid the potential homophobia, gays have to hide theirsexual orientation when they travel abroad.This highlights the reality that homosexual community is assigned an inferior social status in the heterosexual world. Second, within the homosexual community, travel in Europe also indicates the possession ofeconomic capital and superior position. In addition, as a tourist destination, Europe represents exquisite culture, life style and aesthetics which symbolize a superior status in contrast to other places, including Taiwan. Third, in the discourse of the interviewees, the body image of homosexual men can be classified into two classes; while young, masculine and Caucasian stand for the higher level, old, feminine and non-white is associated with the lower.
一、中文書目
王右軍,2009,〈重訪網路上的身份展演:以同志論壇MOTSS為分析對象〉。《新聞學研究》99:47-77。
王家豪,2002,《娘娘腔男同性戀的社會處境及其自我認同》。台北:世新大學社會發展研究所碩士論文
田哲榮,2007,《帶著男生去旅行─男性自助旅行體驗及其性別意涵》。台北:世新大學性別所碩士論文。
何春蕤,1998,《酷兒理論與政治》。桃園:中央大學性別研究室。
吳文煜,2004,〈高雄草根男「同志」的性慾地景研究〉。頁249-294,收錄於謝臥龍編,《霓虹國度中同志的隱現與操演》。台北:唐山。
吳佳原,1998,《城市荒漠中的綠洲:台北市男同志酒吧經驗分析》。台北:國立台灣大學城鄉所碩士論文。
阮慶岳,1998,《出櫃空間:虛擬同志城》。台北:遠流。
周華山,1997,《後殖民同志》。香港:香港同志研究社。
周雅容,1996,〈象徵互動論與語言社會意涵〉。頁75-97,收錄於胡幼慧編,《質性研究:理論、方法及本土研究實例》。台北:巨流
林純德,2009,〈成為一隻「熊」:台灣男同志「熊族」的認同型塑與性/性別/身體展演〉。《臺灣社會研究》76:57-177
邱琡雯,2006,〈解構1990年代之後日本女遊書寫下的台灣意象─過剩與闕如〉。嘉義:南華亞太所十週年暨日本與亞太國際學術研討會論文。
邱琡雯,2008,〈觀光業原住民女性的勞動身影:解說員對主客互動的詮釋〉。《思與言》46(2):87-132。
唐士哲,2004,〈網際網路的民族誌學〉。頁23-51,收錄於林本炫、何明修編,《質性研究方法及其超越》。嘉義:南華大學教育社會研究所。
徐淑美,2005,《台北地區男同志族群出國旅遊動機與需求之研究》。台北:中國文化大學觀光休閒事業管理所碩士論文。
殷寶寧,2006,《情欲.國族.後殖民:誰的中山北路?》。台北:左岸文化。
高梅心,2006,《台灣同志族群出國旅遊動機與目的地之研究》。台北:世新大學觀光學研究所碩士論文。
張小虹,1996,《慾望新地圖:性別同志學》。台北:聯合。
張小虹,2007,《假全球化》。台北:聯合文學
張銘峰,2004,〈進出、隱現、遮裸、卸戴──情慾三溫暖的氤氳〉。頁195-227,收錄於謝臥龍編,《霓虹國度中同志的隱現與操演》。台北:唐山。
張德瑩,2009,《”White“男人惹人愛?後殖民觀點的台灣女性主體經驗》。高雄:高雄醫學大學性別研究所碩士論文。
張靄珠,2000,〈性別反串、異質空間與後殖民皇后的文化羨嫉〉。《中外文學》 29(8):139-157。
畢恆達,1996,〈詮釋學與質性研究〉。頁27-45,收錄於胡幼慧編,《質性研究:理論、方法及本土研究實例》。台北:巨流。
莊麗薇,2006,《自助旅行、觀光與文化想像:以台灣的自助旅行論述為例》。台中:東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
陳光興,2006,《去帝國─亞洲做為方法》。台北:行人出版。
陳向明,2002,《社會科學質的研究》。台北:五南。
黃郁軒,2007,《私領域中的認同展演:台灣同志運動另一面》。嘉義:南華大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
黃國書,2007,《扮裝異男的性別逾越愉悅》。高雄:國立高雄師範大學性別教育研究所碩士論文。
黃煦芬,2002,《台灣地區特殊族群消費傾向研究-以同志族群為例》。桃園:長庚大學管理研究所碩士論文。
葉秀燕,2008,〈「血拼英國」:台灣遊學生英國血拼的觀光消費研究〉。《研究臺灣》4:43-79。
劉怡伶,2003,《台灣旅遊活動的階層區分現象》。國立政治大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
劉維公,2001,〈當代消費文化社會理論的分析架構:文化經濟學、生活風格、與生活美學〉。《東吳社會學報》,11:113-136。
蔡孟哲,2006,《哥弟麻煩?台灣男同志情慾類型學初探》。新竹:國立清華大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
蔣琬斯,2007,《女同志大學生的自我探索與親密關係》。高雄:國立高雄師範大學性別教育研究所碩士論文。
賴正哲,2005,《去公司上班:新公園男同志的情慾空間》。台北:女書文化。
賴守誠,2008,〈食物的文化經濟與農鄉發展:義大利慢食運動及臺灣客家飲食運動的個案比較〉。《農業推廣學報》,24:47-52。
駱貞穎,2002,《空間的流動與符號的消費─走向旅遊社會》。台北:東吳大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
羅敬堯,2002,《文化轉折中的酷兒越界:九0年代台灣同志論述、身/聲體政治及文化實踐(1990-2002)》。新竹:國立交通大學語言與文化研究所碩士論文。
羅毓嘉,2009,〈當我們「變」man:Abercrombie & Fitch,陽剛氣質,與台北男同志〉。《文化研究月報》94。取自:http://hermes.hrc.ntu.edu/csa/journal//content.asp?Period=94&JC_ID=32
龐麗琴,2004,〈建構土耳其、希臘、埃及旅遊意象形成之模式〉。花蓮:國立東華大學觀光暨遊憩管理研究所碩士論文。
Bourdieu, Pierre著、劉暉譯,2002,《男性統治》。深圳:海天。
Butler, Judith著、宋素風譯,2009,《性別麻煩:女性主義與身分的顛覆》。上 海:上海三聯。
Crang, Mike.著、王志弘、余佳玲、方淑惠譯,2004,《文化地理學》。高雄:復文。
Creswell, Tim.著、徐苔玲、王志弘譯,2006,《地方 : 記憶、想像與認同》。台北:群學。
Fanon, Frantz著、陳瑞樺譯,《黑皮膚,白面具》。台北:心靈工坊文化出版。
Goffman, Erving著、徐江敏、李姚軍譯,1992,《日常生活中的自我表演》。台北:桂冠。
Honoré,Carl著、顏湘如譯,2006,《慢活》。台北:大塊。
HUGO,2009,《男×男自由行:曼谷》。台北:基本書坊。
Kan, K. C.,2001,〈性階梯再生產:香港三溫暖人種誌〉。頁1-50,收錄於何春蕤編,《同志研究》。台北:巨流。
Kennedy, Valerie著、邱彥彬譯,2003,《認識薩依德:一個批判的導讀》。台北:麥田。
Lefebvre, Henri著、王志弘譯,1993,〈空間:社會產物與使用價值〉。收錄於夏鑄九、王志弘編,《空間的文化形式與社會理論讀本》。台北:明文書局。
Mansvelt, Juliana著、呂奕欣譯,2008,《消費地理學》。台北:國立編譯館與韋伯文化。
McDowell, Linda著、徐苔玲、王志弘譯,2006,《性別、認同與地方》。台北:群學。
Moore-Gilbert, Bart著、彭淮棟譯,2004,《後殖民理論》。台北:聯經。
Said, Edward W.著、王志弘等譯,2007,《東方主義》。台北:立緒文化。
Said, Edward W.著、蔡源林譯,2001,《文化與帝國主義》。台北:立緒文化。
Urry, John著、葉浩譯,2007,《觀光客的凝視》。台北:書林。
二、英文書目
Ahmed, Sara, 2000, Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality. London: Routledge.
Aitchison, Cara, 1999, “New Cultural Geographies: the Spatiality of Leisure, Gender and Sexuality.” Leisure Studies 18( 1)﹕19-39.
Aldrich, Robert, 1993, The Seduction of the Mediterranean:Writing, Art and Homosexual Fantasy. London:Routledge.
Baudrillard, Jean, 1998, The Consumer Society:Myth and Structure. London:Sage
Bell, David J., 1991, “Insignificant Others:Lesbian and Gay Geographies.” Area 23(4)﹕323-329.
Best, Gary, 2005, “Media Makes Mardi Gras Tourism Mecca.” Pp. 27-41 in The Media and Tourist Imagination:Converging cultures, edited by David Crouch, Rhona Jackson and Felix Thompson. London: Routledge.
Binnie, Jon and Valentine, G., 1999, “Geographies of Sexuality - A Review of Progress.” Progress in Human Geography 23(2): 175-187.
Bourdieu, Pierre, 1984, Distinction: A Social Critique of Judgment of Taste. London: Routledge.
Brown, Michael P., 2000, Closet Space:Geographies of Metaphor from the Body of Globe. NY:Routledge.
Butler, Judith, 1990, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. London: Routledge.
Butler, Judith, 1993, Bodies that matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. NY: Routledge.
Clift, Stephen and Simon Forrest, 1999a,”Gay Men and Tourism: Destinations and Holiday Motivations.” Tourism Management 20(5):615-625.
Clift, Stephen and Simon Forrest, 1999b, ” Factors Associated with Gay Men’s Sexual Behaviours and Risk on Holiday.” AIDS CARE 11(3):281-295.
Clift, Stephen, Michael Luongo and Carry Callister, C., 2002, Gay Tourism:Culture, Identity and Sex .London:Continuum.
Cox, Martin , 2002, “The Long-Haul out of the Closet:The Journey from Smalltown to Boystown.” Pp.151-173 in Gay Tourism : Culture, Identity and Sex, edited by Clift,Luongo M. and Callister, C. London : Continuum
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Crouch, David, Rhona Jackson and Felix Thompson, 2005, “Introduction:The Media and the Imagination.” Pp. 1-13 in The Media and Tourist Imagination:Converging Cultures, edited by David Crouch, Rhona Jackson and Felix Thompson. London: Routledge.
Duncan, Nancy, 1996, “Renegotiating Gender and Sexuality in Public and Private Spaces.”Pp. 127-145 in Bodyspace. Destabilizing Geographies of" Gender and Sexuality, edited by Nancy Duncan. London:Routledge.
Fish, Robert, 2005, “Mobile viewers:Media Producers and the Televisual Tourist.” Pp. 119-134 in The Media and Tourist Imagination:Converging Cultures, edited by David Crouch, Rhona Jackson and Felix Thompson. London: Routledge.
Friskopp, Annette and Sharon Silverstein, 1996 , Straight Jobs Gay Lives. USA:Fireside.
Goss, Jon, 2005, “The Souvenir and Sacrifice in the Tourist Mode of Consumption.”Pp. 56-71 in Seductions of Place: Geographical Perspectives on Globalization and Touristed Landscapes, edited by Carolyn Cartier and Alan A. Lew London:Routledge.
Grosz, Elizabeth, 1998, “Bodies-cities.” Pp. 42-51 in Places through the Body, edited by Heidi J. Nast and Steve Pile. NY: Routledge.
Haldrup, Michael and Jonas Larsen, 2006, “Material Cultures of Tourism.” Leisure Studies 25(3) : 275-289.
Hall, C. Michael and Chris Ryan, 2001, Sex Tourism : Marginal People and Liminalities. New York : Routledge.
Hall, Stuart, 1992, “The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power.” in Formations of Modernity, edited by Stuart Hall and Bram Gieben. Oxford: Polity.
Hughes, Howard, 1997, “Holidays and Homosexual Identity.” Tourism Management 18(1):3-7.
Hughes, Howard, 2002, “Gay men’s Holiday Destination Choice: A case of Risk and Avoidance.” International Journal of Tourism Research 4:299-312.
Hughes, Howard, 2006, Pink Tourism:Holidays of Gay Men and Lesbians. UK: CABI.
Johnston, Lynda, 2005, “Bodeis: Camped Up Performances.” Pp.31-53 in Queerung Tourism: Paradoxical Performances at Gay Pride Parade. NY: Routledge.
Kinnaird, Vivian and Derek Hall, 1994, Tourism: Gender Perspectives. In Tourism: A Gender Analysis. Chichester: Wiley.
Landzekius, Michael, 2004, “The Body.”Pp.279-297 in A Companion to Cultural Geography, edited by James S. Duncan, Nuala C. Johnson, and Richard H. Schein. MA: Blackwell.
MacCannell, Dean, 1976, The tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Schocken Books.
Maccarrone-eaglen, Agata, 2009, “An Analysis of Culture as a Tourism Commodity.” Tourism, Culture & Communication 9: 151-163.
Malbon, Ben,1998, “Clubbing:Consumption, Identity and the Spatial Practice of Every-night Life. ”Pp.266-285 in Cool places: Geographies of Youth Cultures, edited by Skelton T., Valentine G. London: Routledge.
Meethan, Kevin, 2001, Tourism in Global Society: Place, Culture and Consumption .New York: Palgrave.
Meethan, Kevin, Alison Anderson and Steve Miles, 2006, Tourism, Consumption and Representation. UK:CABI.
Nast , Heidi, 2002, “Queer Patriarchies, Queer Racisms, international.” Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography 34(5):874–909。
Obrador-Pons, Pau, 2007, “A Haptic Geography of the Beach: Naked Bodies, Vision and Touch.” Social and Cultural Geography (8)1:123-141.
Oswin, Natalie, 2008, “Critical Geographies and the Uses of Sexuality: Deconstructing queer space.”Progress in Human Geography 32(1) pp. 89–103.
Phillips, Richard, 2004, “Sexuality.” Pp.265-278 in A Companion to Cultural Geography, edited by James S. Duncan, Nuala C. Johnson, and Richard H. Schein. MA: Blackwell.
Pritchard, Annette and Nigel J. Morgan, 2000, “Privileging the Male Gaze:Gendered Tourism Landscapes.” Annals of Tourism Research 27(4), 884-905.
Pritchard, Annette, Nigel J. Morgan and Diane Sedgley, 1998,”Reaching out to the Gay Tourist: Opportunities and Threats in an Emerging Market Segment.” Tourism Management 19(3): 273-282.
Pritchard, Annette, Nigel J. Morgan, Diane Sedgley, Elizabeth Khan and Andrew Jenkins, 2000,” Sexuality and Holiday Choices: Conversations with Gay and Lesbian tourists.” Leisure Studies 19:267-282.
Ritter, Kathleen Y. and Anthony I. Terndrup, 2002, Handbook of Affirmative Psychotherapy with Lesbians and Gay Men. NY: Guilford.
Salih, Sara, 2002, Judith Butler. NY: Routledge.
Suvantola, Jaakko, 2002, Tourist’s Experience of Space: New directions in Tourism Analysis. Hampshire: Ashgate.
Swain, Byrne M., 1995, “Gender in Tourism.” The Annals of Tourism Research 22(2):247-266.
Toyota, Mika, 2006, “Consumption Images:Young Female Japanese Tourist in Bali, Indonesia.” Pp. 158-177 in Tourism Consumption and Representation: Narratives of Place and Self, edited by Kevin Meethan and Alison Anderson and Steve Miles. Cambridge: CABI.
Urry, John, 1995, Consuming Places. London: Routledge.
Valentine, Gil, 1996, “(Re)negotiating the Heterosexual Street.”' Pp. 146-155 in Bodyspace. Destabilizing Geographies of" Gender and Sexuality, edited by Nancy Duncan. London:Routledge.
Waitt, Gordon and Kevin W. Markwell, 2006, Gay Tourism: Culture and Context. NY: Routledge.
Yeh, Hsiu-yen Joyce, 2008, “Still Vision and Mobile Youth: Tourist Photos, Travel Narratives and Taiwanese” Pp. 302-314 in Asia On Tour: Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism:302-314. London: Routledge.
三、網路資料
CMI(Community Marketing Inc.), 2010, “Gay and Lesbian Travel Demographic: Summary of Demographic Report in 2009.”
Retrieved from: http://www.communitymarketinginc.com/demographics.cfm