簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 許維耘
Wei-Yun Hsu
論文名稱: 實習諮商心理師面對案主自殺經驗之敘說研究
Narrative analysis on counseling psychology interns dealing with the experiences of clients suicide
指導教授: 李佩怡
Li, Pei-Yi
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2013
畢業學年度: 101
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 248
中文關鍵詞: 實習諮商心理師案主自殺
英文關鍵詞: counseling psychology interns, clients committed suicide
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:307下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在透過實習諮商心理師之生命敘說,探討其在面對案主自殺過程中之經驗內涵、主觀需求與調適型態,並瞭解此事件對其個人生命及專業發展的影響。本研究以三位曾遭遇案主自殺經驗的實習諮商心理師為研究參與者,採用敘說研究方法,藉由故事的呈現讓研究參與者的經驗現身,並以「整體─內容」及「類別-內容」兩種方式進行資料分析,研究結果與發現如下:

    一、在與自殺案主晤談的過程中,實習諮商心理師付出了關懷的代價,經歷獨特的角色身份而來的剝奪經驗,以及自殺情境引發的死亡焦慮;當遭遇案主自殺時,實習諮商心理師呈現出兼具遺族與專家角色的悲傷內涵,並透過心理交易(bargain)來回應自殺事件的衝擊。最後,案主自殺後的生死狀態,也可能是無從得知的,使得實習諮商心理師陷入曖昧不明的失落與懸而未決的悲傷之中。

    二、隨著案主自殺經驗中各個階段的脈絡發展,實習諮商心理師也衍生出不同的主觀需求與調適型態。剛開始接觸到自殺危機時,他們需要危機處理的專業知能,並在助人關懷與自我照顧之間取得平衡。當展開晤談歷程後,實習諮商心理師則需要持續敏覺自己的情緒狀態、安全接納的支持環境和實習系統的整體資源,以協助他們因應沈重的危機壓力與自我照顧。當經歷自殺事件後,實習諮商心理師在創傷初期需要有人陪伴,知道自己並非獨自一人面對,接著需要釐清對自殺事件的困惑、從混亂中重拾秩序感,以及內外在資源的積極介入;藉由反覆書寫和敘說、完成心中的未竟事務、將關係轉化為內在連結、重建個人的生活步調與模式四種型態,則反映出實習諮商心理師因應自殺衝擊的調適歷程。

    三、經歷案主自殺事件後,實習諮商心理師原有的信念也隨之解構與重新建構了。他們看見諮商並非全能的拯救而是有限度的助人,開始發展出對自殺危機的積極處遇與專業認同,並重新整合對自殺案主的助人信念。同時,他們重新省視個人對於死亡的態度與生命的價值觀,從對生命的覺察和體認中轉化為實際的行動,看見活著與死亡是一體的兩面,而逐漸學習與死亡共處。

    最後,根據本研究結果與發現,針對實習諮商心理師、學校教育訓練系統、實習機構及未來研究方向提出相關的建議。

    The purpose of this study was to explore the counseling psychology interns’ experiences, subjective demands and adjustment process when they dealt with clients’ suicide and to understand the impact of those cases on their personal lives and professional development.
    In this study, participants was three counseling psychology interns who have experienced clients’ suicide. The narrative analysis method is used and through the presentation of the story made that the experiences of the study participants appeared. The methods “ holism-content” and “category – content” are both used to analyze the data, the results and findings are as follows:

    1.In the process of suicide cases interview, counseling psychology interns paid the cost of caring, who had disenfranchised grief experiences through the unique role and also experienced the death anxiety caused by the suicide situation. When the clients suicided, the counseling psychology interns showed grief of the bereaved families and specialist, and also responded to the impact of suicide through bargain. At the end, the counseling psychology interns probably cannot know whether their clients were dead or alive after suicide, it made them drop into the ambiguous loss and unresolved grief.

    2.With the context developments of various stages of clients' suicide experiences, the counseling psychology interns also had different subjective demands and adaptation states. At the start of contacting suicide crises, they need professional knowledge to deal with crisis intervention and keep the balance between helping others and self-care. Once the counseling began, the counseling psychology interns have to keep sensitive their own emotional states, it is necessary to have an overall safety and supportable environment and also an internship system resource to assist them in response to the heavy pressure from the crisis and self-care. After experienced these suicide cases, the counseling psychology interns need companions in the early trauma and bear in mind that they are not alone to face the situation. After that they need to clarify the confusion of the suicide cases, in order to regain the order from chaos and positive intervention from intrinsic and extrinsic resources. There are four steps that reflect the counseling psychology interns' adaptation processes in response to the suicide impact:(1)repeatedly writing and narrative;(2)Accomplishment of unfinished business;(3)Transfer from the relationship to inner link,(4)Rebuilding the personal pace of life.

    3.After experienced the suicide cases, the original faith of the counseling psychology interns will be deconstructed and reconstructed. They saw that the help that they could provide is not almighty but limited, then they started to develop professional identify and positively dealing with the suicide crises, they also re-integrated their belief of helping suicide clients. At the same time, they re-inspected their own attitude toward death and life's value, transformed their awareness of life into a real action, and they gradually managed to coexist with death seeing that the death or being alive are two sides of the same coin.

    Finally, according to the finding and results of this research, researchers will have some advices to the counseling psychology interns, school training systems, internship organization and other future researches.

    謝辭………………………………………………………………………………… 1 中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………… 3 英文摘要…………………………………………………………………………… 5 目錄………………………………………………………………………………… 7 表次………………………………………………………………………………… 9 圖次…………………………………………………………………………………10 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機…………………………………………………………11 第二節 研究目的與問題…………………………………………………19 第三節 名詞釋義…………………………………………………………20 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 助人者在治療關係歷程中付出的關懷代價……………………21 第二節 助人者遭遇個案自殺的處境……………………………………38 第三節 實習諮商師的主觀經驗與心理需求……………………………50 第三章 研究方法 第一節 採用質性研究方法的理由………………………………………61 第二節 敘說研究…………………………………………………………62 第三節 研究參與者………………………………………………………69 第四節 研究者……………………………………………………………71 第五節 研究歷程…………………………………………………………74 第六節 資料分析…………………………………………………………78 第七節 研究判準…………………………………………………………84 第八節 研究倫理…………………………………………………………86 第四章 研究結果 第一節 實習諮商師與案主從相遇到分離的故事………………………88 第二節 實習諮商師經歷案主自殺之經驗內涵…………………………127 第三節 實習諮商師面對案主自殺經驗之主觀需求與調適型態………144 第四節 案主自殺事件對於實習諮商師個人與專業上的意義…………167 第五節 研究發現與綜合討論……………………………………………180 第五章 結論、反思與建議 第一節 結論………………………………………………………………215 第二節 研究者的覺察與反思……………………………………………218 第三節 研究限制與建議…………………………………………………223 參考文獻 中文部分………………………………………………………………………231 英文部分………………………………………………………………………237 附錄 附錄一 研究邀請函………………………………………………………246 附錄二 訪談同意書………………………………………………………247 附錄三 訪談大綱…………………………………………………………248 表次 表3-3-1 研究參與者基本資料…………………………………………………70 表3-5-1 研究參與者訪談時程…………………………………………………77 表3-6-1 資料分析編碼表………………………………………………………80 表4-5-1 實習諮商師經歷案主自殺的經驗內涵之主題整理………………...192 表4-5-2 實習諮商師經歷案主自殺的主觀需求與調適型態之主題整理…...207 表4-5-3 案主自殺的經驗對實習諮商師個人與專業影響之主題整理……...214 圖次 圖2-1-1 關懷循環圈……………………………………………………………22 圖2-1-2 慈悲壓力與慈悲疲倦模式……………………………………………27 圖2-1-3 同理投入的風險………………………………………………………37 圖4-1-1 旭平面對案主自殺經驗之心理轉折歷程…………………………...101 圖4-1-2 樊玲面對案主自殺經驗之心理轉折歷程…………………………...114 圖4-1-3 展青面對案主自殺經驗之心理轉折歷程…………………………...126 圖4-5-1 實習諮商師遭遇案主自殺之經驗內涵主題脈絡…………………...193 圖4-5-2 實習諮商師經歷案主自殺的主觀需求與調適型態之主題脈絡…...208

    中文部分
    王文秀(1998)。諮商師被督導經驗對其諮商挫折之因應及其專業成長之影響研究。中華輔導學報,6,1-34。
    王文秀、李沁芬、謝淑敏、彭一芳(譯)(2003)。助人專業督導:個別、團體和組織取向(原著:Peter Hawkins & Robin Shohet)。台北:學富文化。
    王勇智、鄧明宇(譯)(2003)。敘說分析(原著:Riessman, C. K.)。台北:五南。(原著出版年:1993)
    朱儀羚、康萃婷、柯禧慧、蔡欣志、吳芝儀(譯)(2004):敘事心理與研究:自我、創傷與意義的建構(原著:Crossley, M. L.)。嘉義:濤石。
    余錦星(2010)。現實治療的理解與實踐-自殺企圖者的選擇之路。玄奘大學應用心理學系研究所碩士論文。
    吳芝儀(2005)。敘事研究的方法論探討。載於齊力、林本炫(主編)。質性研究方法與資料分析(145-188頁)。高雄市:復文。
    吳芝儀(譯)(2004)。敘事研究:閱讀、分析與詮釋(原著:Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T.)。嘉義:濤石。(原著出版年:1998)
    吳美如(2005)。生死教育課程對高職學生生命價值觀及死亡焦慮影響之研究。南華大學生死學研究所碩士論文。
    吳雅慧(2006)。碩士層級諮商新手於全職實習的諮商困境與因應。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    呂欣芹(2006)。自殺者遺族悲傷調適之模式初探。國立台北護理學院生死教育與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    呂欣芹、方俊凱(2008)。我是自殺者遺族。臺北市:文經社。
    呂欣芹、方俊凱(2008)。案主自殺後治療者的失落與悲傷。諮商與輔導,266,39-41。
    呂素珍(2002)。急診護理人員對自殺行為的態度與其護理困難。高雄醫學大學護理學研究所碩士論文。
    李玉嬋、李佩怡、李開敏、侯南隆、張玉仕、陳美琴(2012)。導引悲傷能量-悲傷諮商助人者工作手冊。台北:張老師文化。
    李如珺(2010)。協助自殺企圖者之後-諮商師自我照顧的反思。諮商與輔導,291,37-40。
    李佳儒(2005)。小樹之歌~諮商學習者在專業實習中心理歷程之敘說研究。國立台北師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    李珮君(2010)。公共衛生護理人員對自殺防治的知識、態度與能力預測因素之探討。國立陽明大學臨床暨社區護理研究所碩士論文。
    李琇婷(2009)。諮商師的悲傷剝奪經驗研究-以協助企圖自殺者為例。淡江大學教育心理與諮商研究所碩士論文。
    李開敏、林方皓、張玉仕、葛書倫(譯)(2004)。助人工作者自助手冊-活力充沛的秘訣(原著:Skovholt, T. M.)。台北:張老師文化。(原著出版年:2001)
    李開敏、林方皓、張玉仕、葛書倫(譯)(2011)。悲傷輔導與悲傷治療:心理衛生實務工作者手冊(原作者:Worden, J.W.)。台北:心理。
    沈青燕(2008)。心理師遭逢當事人自殺身亡經驗之敘說研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系研究所碩士論文。
    沈青燕(2009)。心理師遭逢當事人自殺身亡經驗之敘說研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系研究所碩士論文。
    易之新(譯)(2003)。存在心理治療(原著:Irvin D. Yalom)。台北:張老師。
    林文明(2003)。樞紐模式─國軍心輔官處遇自殺個案的研究發現。政治作戰學校軍事社會行為科學研究所碩士論文。
    林柔廷(2010)。探討音樂治療對於青少年憂鬱症狀及自殺行為之改善成效。國立臺北醫學大學護理學研究所碩士論文。
    林美珠(2000)。敘事研究:從生命故事出發。輔導季刊,36,4,27-34。
    林家興、王麗文(2000)。心理治療實務。臺北:心理出版社。
    林綺雲(2010)。自殺防治守門人的困境與自我照顧。諮商與輔導,295,49-55。
    林曉玉(2007)。軍中諮商心理師面對自殺個案倫理衝突經驗之敘說研究。國立台北教育大學心理與諮商研究所碩士論文。
    邱珍琬(2000)。做個諮商人。臺北:心理出版社。
    邱琇琳(2005)。專業助人者的替代性創傷與因應策略:以公部門家防社工為例。國立臺灣大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
    金樹人(1997)。生涯諮商與輔導。台北:東華。
    金樹人(2010)。心理位移之結構特性及其辯證現象之分析:自我多重面向的敘寫與敘說。中華輔導與諮商學報,28,191-233。
    洪素珍、楊大和、黃燕珠(譯)(2002)。創傷與治療師-亂倫生存者心理治療中的反移情與替代性受創(原作者:Pearlman, L. A. & Saakvitne, K. W.)。台北:五南。
    洪漢鼎、夏鎮平(譯)人和語言(原著:Gadamer, H. G.)。載於真理與方
    胡幼慧(1996)。質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。台北:巨流。
    胡正申(2009)。國軍心輔人員處遇自殺未遂個案理論模型之驗證。國立暨南國際大學社會政策與社會工作學系研究所博士論文。
    胡百敏(1996)。急診醫師對自殺病人的態度及處置-以一所醫院為例。高雄醫學院行為科學研究所碩士論文。
    胡峯鳳(2007)。大專院校諮商師替代性創傷、自我照顧及組織脈絡之相關研究。國立暨南國際大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文。
    孫振青(譯)(1993)。成長的最後階段(原作者:Kubler-Ross E.)。台北:光啟。
    栗筱雯(譯)(2007)。在天堂遇見的五個人(原作者:Mitch Albom)。台北:大塊文化。
    徐臨嘉(1992)。悲怨的詮釋現象學研究-以一個離婚的中國婦女為例。國立台灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
    翁開誠(1996)。同理心開展的再出發-成人之美的藝術。輔仁學誌,22,1-13。
    馬勵(譯)(2001)。我還沒準備說再見:突然失去摯愛後,你可以這樣療癒自己(原作者:Noel, B. B. & Blair, P. D.)。台北:橡樹林文化。
    曹中瑋(2009)。當下,與你真誠相遇─完形諮商師的深刻省思。台北:張老師文化。
    康翠萍(2009)。精神衛生護理人員對自殺行為的態度與自殺處置實務能力之相關性探討。國立台北護理學院護理研究所碩士論文。
    張利中、林志龍及洪祥隆(2001)。醫學系與護理系學生自我概念落差與死亡焦慮之關係。醫學教育,5,40-50。
    畢恆達(1996)。詮釋學與質性研究。載於胡幼慧(主編):質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例(27-45頁)。台北:巨流。
    莫影慰(2003)。兩個世界的交接—臨終病人與照顧者的關係移動。國立東華大學族群關係與文化研究所碩士論文。
    許育光(2000)。敘說研究的初步探討-從故事性思考和戶為主體的觀點出發。輔導季刊,36,4,17-26。
    陳正馨(2008)。一位教育工作者自我蛻變之敘說研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職進修碩士班碩士論文。
    陳金定(編譯)(1993)。諮商工作實務(原著:J. S. Zaro, R. Barach, D. J. Nedelman, I. S. Dreiblatt)。台北:心理。
    陳瑛怡(2002)。國軍心輔官處遇自殺未遂個案運用社會資源網絡之研究-以南區心理衛生中心為例。政治作戰學校軍事社會行為科學研究所碩士論文。
    陳增穎(2010)。負傷的心理師-受苦生命經驗的轉化與實踐之敘說研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系研究所博士論文。
    陸洛、李惠美、謝天渝(2005)。牙醫師執業壓力與身心健康及職業倦怠之關係:以高雄市牙醫師為例。應用心理研究,27,59-80。
    麥麗蓉(2009)。助人工作者於危機處理過程中的壓力因應與自我照顧。台灣心理諮商季刊,1(3),11-21。
    游恆山(譯)(1991)。生存的理由-與心靈對話的意義治療學(原著:Frankl, V. E.)。台北:遠流。
    黃欣妏(2005)。資深諮商師處理個案自殺行為之經驗探討。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商研究所碩士論文。
    黃政昌(2003)。心理師的自我照顧與滋養。諮商與輔導,205,36-41。
    黃素菲譯(2006)。敘事取向的生涯諮商(原作者:Larry Cochran)。臺北市:張老師文化。
    黃惠雯、童琬芬、梁文蓁、林兆衛(譯)(2003)。質性方法與研究(原著:Carbtree, B. F. & Miller, W. L.)。台北:韋伯。(原著出版年:1999)
    楊淑智(譯)(2001)。難以承受的告別-自殺者親友的哀傷歷程(原作者:Lukas, C. & Seiden, H. M.)。台北:心靈工坊。
    鄔佩麗(2008)。危機處理與創傷治療。台北:學富。
    劉小菁(譯)(2003)。助人工作者自助手冊-活力充沛的秘訣(原著:Skovholt, T. M.)。台北:張老師文化。
    蔡昌雄(譯)(2007)。臨終諮商的藝術(原著:Lair, G. S.)。台北:心靈工坊。
    蔡敏玲、徐曉雯(譯)(2003)。敘說探究:質性研究中的經驗與故事(原作者:D. J. Clandinin & F. M. Connelly)。臺北市:心理。
    蔡敦浩、劉育忠、王慧蘭(2011)。敘說探究的第一堂課。台北:鼎茂。
    賴淑維(2001)。晚期癌症病患對臨終事件之感受與身、心、社會及靈性之需求。國立成功大學護理學系研究所碩士論文。
    鍾思嘉(2001年5月)。專業助人者的替代性創傷與因應策略。「九二一震災心理復健學術研討會法表實務論壇與實務方案學術研討會」,彰化師範大學教育部學生輔導支援中心。
    韓玉芬(2003)。初任教師工作壓力因應歷程之質的研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系研究所碩士論文。
    簡春安、鄒平儀(1998)。社會工作研究法。台北:巨流。

    英文部分
    Attig, T. (2004). Disenfranchised grief revisited:Discounting hope and love. Omega, 49(3), 197-215.
    Adams, R.E., Boscarino, J.A. & Figley, C.R. (2006). Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: a validation study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 103-108.
    Alexander, D.A., Klein, S., Gray, N.M., Dewar, I.G., & Eagles, J.M. (2000). Suicide by patients: Questionnaire study of its effect on consultant psychiatrists. British Journal of Psychiatry, 320, 1571-1574.
    American Psychological Association (2000).Demographic characteristics of APA members. APA Directory Survey. Washington, DC: APA Research Office.
    Berman, A.L., Jobes, D.A., & Silverman, M.M. (2006). Adolescent Suicide: Assessment and Intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    Boss, P. (2002). Ambiguous loss: working with families of the missing. Family Process, 41, 14–17.
    Bride, B.E. (2007). Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among social workers. Social Work, 52, 63–70.
    Bride, B.E., Radey, M., & Figley, C.R. (2007). Measuring compassion fatigue. Clinical Social Work Journal, 35, 155-163.
    Brown, H. N.( 1987). The impact of suicide on therapists in training.Comprehensive Psychiatry, 28(2), 101-112.
    Brown, H.N. (1989). Patient suicide and therapists in training. In D. Jacobs & H.N. Brown (Eds.), Suicide: Understanding and Responding (pp. 415-436). Madison, CT: International Universities Press, Inc.
    Buch, N.J. (2009). Compassion fatigue: are you at risk? Oncology Nursing Forum, 36(1), 24-28.
    Carter, R. E. (1971). Some effects of client suicide on the therapist. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8, 287-289
    Chemtob, C. M., Bauer, G., Hamada, R.S., Pelowski, S. R. & Muraoka, M. Y.(1989). Patient suicide: Occupational hazard for psychologists and psychiatrists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20(5), 294-300.
    Chemtob, C. M., Hamada, R. S., Bauer, G., Kinney, B., & Torigie, R. Y.(1988a). Patients’ suicides: Frequency and impact on psychiatrists. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 224-228.
    Chemtob, C. M., Hamada, R. S., Bauer, G., Torigoe, R.Y., & Kinney, B. (1988b). Patient suicide: Frequency and impact on psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 4, 416-420.
    Christianson, C. L., & Everall, R. D.(2008). Constructing bridges of support: school counsellor’s experiences of student suicide. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 42(3), 209-221.
    Clark, J., Warburton, J. & Tilse, C. (2009). Missing siblings: seeking more adequate social responses. Child and Family Social Work, 14, 267–277.
    Collins, S., & Long, A. (2003). Working with the psychological effects of trauma: consequences for mental healthcare workers-a literature review. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10, 417–424.
    Cotton, P. N., Drake, R. E., Whitaker, A. & Potter, J. (1983). Dealing with suicide on a psychiatric inpatient unit. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 34(1), 55-58.
    Courtenay, K.P., & Stephens, J.P. (2001). The experience of patient suicide among trainees in psychiatry. Psychiatric Bulletin, 25, 51-52.
    Creswell, J. W.(2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design(2nd ed.). CA:Sage.
    Deutsch, C.J. (1984). Self-report sources of stress among psychotherapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 15, 833-845.
    Dewar, I., Eagles, J., Klein, S., Gray, N., & Alexander, D. (2000). Psychiatric trainees’experiences of, and reactions to, patient suicide. Psychiatric Bulletin, 24, 20-23.
    Doka, K. J. (1989). Disenfranchised grief. In K. J. Doka (Eds.), Disenfranchised grief: Recognizing hidden sorrow (pp. 3-11). Lexindton, MA: Lexindton Books.
    Doka, K. J. (2002). Introduction. In K. J. Doka (Eds.), Disenfranchised Grief: New Direction, Challenges, and Strategies for Practice. Champaign: Research Press.
    Dunn, R. G. & Morrish-Vidners, D. (1987). The psychological and social experience of suicide survivors. Omega Journal of Death and Dying, 18(3), 175-215.
    Feldman, D.(1987). A social work student’s reaction to client suicide. Social Casework, 68(3), 184-187.
    Field, N. P., Gao, B., & Paderna, L. (2005). Continuing bonds in bereavement: An attachment theory based perspective. Death Studies, 29, 277-300.
    Field, N. P., Nichols, C., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1999). The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 212-218.
    Fielden, J. M. (2003). Grief as a transformative experience: weaving through different lifeworlds after a loved one has completed suicide. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,12,74-85.
    Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview. In Figley,C. R. (Ed.), Compassion fatigue. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
    Figley, C. R. (2002). Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists’ chronic lack of self-care. Psychotherapy in Practice, 58, 1433-1441.
    Fletcher, D., (2007), “ Toy Story’: The narrative world of entrepreneurship and the creation of interpretive communities” , Journal of Business Venturing, 22(5), 649-672.
    Foster, V. A., & Mc Adams, C. R. (1999). The impact of client suicide in counselor training: Implications for counselor education and supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 39, 22-33.
    Fox, R. & Cooper, M (1998). The effects of suicide on the private practitioner: A professional and personal perspective. Clinical Social Work Journal, 26(2), 143-157.
    Freudenberger, H. J., & North, G. (1985). Women’s burnout: how to spot it, how to reverse it and how to prevent it. Virginia, USA: R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company
    Gilje, F., & Talseth, A. (2007). Mediating consolation with suicidal patients. Nursing Ethics, 14(4), 546-557.
    Gitlin, M. (2007). Aftermath of a tragedy: Reaction of psychiatrists to patient suicides. Psychiatric Annals, 37(10),684-687.
    Goldstein, L. S. & Buongiorno, P. A. (1984). Psychotherapists as suicide survivors. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 38(3), 392-399.
    Granello D., and Granello P. (2007) . Suicide assessment: Strategies for determining risk. Counselling Psychotherapy, and Health, 3(1), 42-51.
    Hamel-Bissel, B. P.(1985). Suicidal casework: Assessing nurses’s reactions. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 23(10), 20-23.
    Hamilton, M. (2008). Self care and the school counselor. journal of the saskatchewan school counsellor association, 41(2), 3-6.
    Hendin, h., Lipschitz, A., Maltsberger, J. T., Haas, A. P. & Wynecoop, S.(2000). Therapists’ reactions to patients’ suicides. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 157, 2022-2027.
    Hill, C. E., Charles, D., & Reed, K. G. (1981). A longitudinal analysis of changes in counseling skills during doctoral training in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 428-436.
    Hill, C. E., Charles, D., & Reed, K. G.(1981). A longitudinal analysis of changes in counseling skills during doctoral training in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 428-436.
    Horn, P. J.(1994). Therapists’ psychological adaption to client suicide. Psychotherapy, 31(1), 190-195.
    James, D. M. (2005). Surpassing the quota: Multiple suicides in a psychotherapy practice . Women & Therapy, 28(1), 9-24.
    James, R.K., & Gilliland, B.E. (2001). Crisis intervention strategies (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks Cole.
    Jobes, D. A., & Maltsberger, J. T. (1995). The hazards of treating suicidal patients. In M.B. Sussman (Ed.), A perilous calling: The hazards of psychotherapy practice (pp. 200-216). New York: Wiley & Sons.
    Joinson, C. (1992). Coping with compassion fatigue. Nursing, 22(4), 116-221.
    Jones, F. A. (1987). Therapists as survivors of client suicide: Suicide and its aftermath. In E. J. Dunne, J. L. McIntosh, & K. L. Dunne-Maxim (Eds.), Suicide and its aftermath: Understanding and counseling the survivors (pp. 126-141). New York: Norton.
    Kleespies, P. M., Penk, W. E. & Forsyth, J. P. (1993). The stress of patient suicidal behavior during clinical training: Incidence, impact, and recovery. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 24(3), 293-303.
    Kleespies, P. M., Smith, M. R., & Becker, B. R. (1990). Psychology interns as patient suicide survivors: Incidence, impact, and recovery. Professional psychology: Research and Practice. 21(4), 257-263.
    Kolodny, S., Binder, R., Bronstein, A., & Friend, R. (1979). The working through of patient’s suicide by four therapist. Suicide and Life-Threatening behavior. 9(1), 33-46.
    Lauver & Harvey (1997). The practical counselor: Elements of effective helping. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
    Litman, R. E. (1965). When patients commit suicide. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 19(4), 570-576.
    Lynch, V. J. (1987). Supervising the trainee who treats the chronically suicidal outpatient: Theoretical perspectives and practice approaches. The Clinical Supervisor, 5, 99-110.
    Maltsberger, J. T. (1992). The implications of patient suicide for the surviving psychotherapist. In D. Jacobs (Eds.), Suicide and clinical practice (pp. 169-182). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
    Maslach, C. & Leiter, M.P. (1997). The truth about burnout. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
    Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
    Maslach, C. (2003). Job burnout: new directions in research and intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 189-192.
    McAdams, C. R., & Foster, V. A. (2000). Client suicide: Its frequency and impact on counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22, 107-121.
    McCann, I.L. & Pearlman, L.A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: a framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1), 131‐149.
    Neimeyer, R. A. (2005). Complicated grief and the quest for meaning: a constructivist contribution. Omega, 52, 37–52.
    Newell, J. M. & MacNeil, G. A. (2010). Professional burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion fatigue: a review of theoretical terms, risk factors, and preventive methods for clinicians. Best Practices in Mental Health: An International Journal, 6(2), 57-68.
    Palm, K. M., Smith, A. A., & Follette, V. M. (2002). Trauma therapy and therapist self-care. Behavior Therapist, 25, 40-42.
    Pieters, G., De Gucht, V., Joos, G., & De Heyn, E. (2003). Frequency and impact of patient suicide on psychiatric trainees. European Psychiatry, 18, 345-349.
    Polkinghorne, D. (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. Qualitative Studies in Education, 8, 5–23.
    Powers, L. E., & Wampold, B. E. (1994). Cognitive-behavioral factors in adjustment to adult bereavement. Death Studies, 18, 1–24.
    Rothschild, B. & Rand, M. (2006). Help for the helper: The psychophysiology of compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
    Ruskin R., Sakinofsky, I., Bagby, R. M., Dickens, S., & Sousa, G. (2004). Impact of patient suicide on psychiatrists and psychiatric trainees. Academic Psychiatry, 28(2), 104-110.
    Rycroft, P. (2005). Touching the heart and soul of therapy: Surviving client suicide. Women & Therapy, 28, 83-94.
    Sabin-Farrell, R., & Turpin, G. (2003). Vicarious traumatization: Implication for the mental health of health workers. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 449-480.
    Sacks, M. H, Kibel, H. D., Cohen, A. M., Keats, M., & Turnquist, N. (1987). Resident response to patient suicide. Journal of Psychiatric Education, 11(4), 217-226.
    Salston, M., & Figley, C. R. (2003). Secondary traumatic stress effects of working with survivors of criminal victimization. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 167-174.
    Sexton, L. (1999). Vicarious traumatisation of counsellors and effects on their workplaces. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 27(3),393-403.
    Skovholt, T. M. (2005). The cycle of caring: A model of expertise in the helping professions. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 27(1), 82-93.
    Smolin, A., & Guinan, J. (1993). Healing after the suicide of a loved one. New York: Fireside.
    Solway, K.S. (1985). Transition from graduate school to internship: A potential crisis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 16, 50-54.
    Spiegelman, J. S., & Werth, J. L. (2005). Don‘t forget about me: The experiences of therapists-in-training after a client has attempted or died by suicide. Women & Therapy, 28, 35-57.
    Spiegelman, J. S., & Werth, J. L. (2005). Don‘t forget about me: The experiences of therapists-in-training after a client has attempted or died by suicide. Women & Therapy, 28, 35-57.
    Ting, L., Sanders, S., Jacobson, J.M., & Power, J. R. (2006). Dealing with the aftermath: a qualitative analysis of mental health social workers’ reactions after a client suicide. Social Work, 51, 329-341.
    Valent, P. (2002). Diagnosis and treatment of helper stresses, traumas and illnesses. In Figley, C.R. (Ed.), Treating compassion fatigue (pp. 17−37).Hove, Great Britain: Brunner-Routledge.
    Valente, S. M. (2003). Aftermath of a patient's suicide: a case study. Perspect Psychiatr Care, 39(1), 17-22.
    Webb, K. B. (2011). Care of others and self: A suicidal patient’s impact on the psychologist. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(3), 215-221.
    Wurst, F. M., Kunz, I., Skipper, G., Wolfersdorf, M., Beine, K.H. & Thon, N. (2011). The therapist’s reaction to a patient’s suicide: Results of a survey and implications for health care professionals’ well-being. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 32(2), 99-105.

    無法下載圖示 本全文未授權公開
    QR CODE