桌球運動中來球與動作之間的週期關係是一種時宜表現，可能會影響比賽勝負，且存在截斷性動作的速度與準確性的消長。莊國良與劉有德 (2017) 以球與球拍之三維資料計算出時宜表現 (Tp) 提供簡易的評估值，但這樣的評估方式，尚未有足夠之相關研究。桌球正反抽球動作研究多是在控制嚴謹的單一練習情境下探討，且較少探討球與球拍的時宜表現。競技運動練習目的是為了比賽，因此了解練習情境下所蒐集資料是否可以反映在比賽情境相當重要。此外，以高速攝影機結合軟體分析時宜表現較為精確，但若能以一般攝影機結合觀察員紀錄辨識分析比賽中時宜表現，則能提高時宜表現應用價值。本研究以三部份分別探討（1）在單球練習情境下檢驗不同層級選手面對不同來球旋轉使用正反手抽球之時宜表現是否有差異。（2）在模擬比賽中收集之抽球時宜表現是否與練習情境下有差異。（3）高速攝影機及一般攝影機所計算之時宜表現是否一致。招募大專院校之甲、乙組桌球選手各10名進行正反手桌球抽球練習。練習結束後繼續以模擬賽方式蒐集選手抽球時宜表現，並利用高速攝影機及一般攝影機拍攝之影片計算其時宜表現。結果顯示不同層級選手面對不同來球旋轉會有抽球表現上之差異。比賽與練習之差異反映出情境要求及層級經驗的影響。最後，一般攝影機應可提供一定程度之時宜表現辨識基礎。本研究提供一個簡易可行的時宜表現測量方式，並嘗試建立練習與比賽相關檢驗之程序。未來建議競技運動之研究結果，應嘗試於練習及比賽中進行相關檢驗，以提供更多運動科學知識給研究員、體育老師、教練、選手以及運動相關人士。

The periodic relations between ball and bat in table tennis may represent timing performance that is tied closely to the result of each point in competition, and demonstrates the speed-accuracy tradeoff inherent in interceptive actions. The novel way of measuring timing performance on table tennis drive was first introduced by Chuang and Liu (2017), the method, however, has not yet been extensively explored. While most of literatures on table tennis drive treat only in block practice condition, there have been few attempts to establish a direct relationship between ball and bat in terms of timing performance. The purpose of practice and drills is to win the games. Therefore, it is important to identify the data collected in the practice condition can reflect the game situation. In addition, the application value of the timing performance may be significantly increased if a trained analyst can use the video recorded from a 30 fps camera to analyze the timing performance instead of using movement data derived from the multiple high-speed camera system. The propose of this study was therefore threefold: (1) examining the performance of the table tennis drive in the controlled laboratory condition; (2) examining the performance of the players in simulated table tennis matches; and (3) comparing timing performance derived from high-speed cameras (200fps) and 30-fps camera. Ten advanced and ten intermediate table tennis players were recruited from universities and performed forehand and backhand table tennis drives under normal drill conditions followed by a simulated match play. The high-speed-cameras system and a 30 fps camera were used for data collections. The results showed the significant difference on driving performance from player levels and approaching ball characteristics. The differences between drill and matches indicated the task requirement and experience effects. Finally, data collected from the 30-fps camera provided suitable basis for analyzing timing performance. The study demonstrated a promising way to measure timing performance, and established appropriate procedure for testing in drills and matches. Results of sport science research should be further tested in both drills and matches in order to offer applied knowledge for researchers, PE teachers, coaches and athletes.

王國連、劉有德. (2006)。以動態光點識別動作協調形態及性別。體育學報，39(2)，75-83。
江函芸、劉有德(2007)。運動中的變異。中華體育季刊，21(3)，42-52。
李弘斌 (2011)。桌球反拍拉球之生物力學分析。未出版之碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
徐明偉、劉有德 (2006)。桌球發球時宜之探討。體育學報，39(2)，95-106
陳秀惠、林清和。(1997)。不定練習與目標空間限制對技能絕佳預期時宜的影響。體育學報，(23)，287-298。
陳佳郁、劉有德 (2010)。數據會說話:球類運動技戰術分析方法探討。臺灣運動心理學報，17，49-68。
陳毅桓。(2012)。戰術?! 戰略?! 化繁為簡-量化羽球單打戰術分析(未出版碩士論文)。 國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
莊國良 (2010)。年齡與練習次序對桌球發球時宜之影響 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
莊國良、劉有德 (2013)。勝負與實力差距對於比賽內容的影響-桌球個案標記分析。運動教練科學，31，1-12。
莊國良、黃姿榕、劉有德 (2015)。複雜系統與二與學習。華語文教學研究，12(4)，77-109。
莊國良、劉有德（2017）。不同揮拍速度及練習情境對於桌球正手抽球時宜表現之影響 。體育學報，50(2),165-176。
葉宇恆、楊梓楣 (2014)。跆拳道選手預備站姿之空間準確性知覺. 大專體育學刊, 16(1), 37-44.
謝宗諭、劉有德 (2016)。動作速度與準確度發展與現況。臺灣運動心理學報， 16(2)。21-39。
簡健華 (2010)。桌球正拍拉球之生物力學分析。未出版之碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
嚴雅婷 (2009)。排球跳躍發球之時宜探討。未出版博士論文，國立台灣師範大學，台北市。
嚴雅婷、劉有德 (2008)。從步態的性別辨識探討訊息來源. 體育學報, 41(3), 29-42.
黎涌明、吴贻刚、任杰、施之皓。(2016)。乒乓球项目的生物学特征及其未来研究展望。上海体育学院学报，40(5)，80-86。
Anshel, M. H., & Marisi, D. Q. (1978). Effect of music and rhythm on physical performance. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 49(2), 109-113.
Balagué, N., Torrents, C., Hristovski, R., & Kelso, J. A. S. (2017). Sport science integration: An evolutionary synthesis. European Journal of Sport Science, 17(1), 51-62.
Broadbent, D. P., Causer, J., Williams, A. M., & Ford, P. R. (2015). Perceptual-cognitive skill training and its transfer to expert performance in the field: Future research directions. European journal of sport science, 15(4), 322-331.
Bourbousson, J., Sève, C., & McGarry, T. (2010). Space–time coordination dynamics in basketball: Part 1. Intra-and inter-couplings among player dyads. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(3), 339-347.
Babiloni, C., Del Percio, C., Iacoboni, M., Infarinato, F., Lizio, R., Marzano, N., ... & Eusebi, F. (2008). Golf putt outcomes are predicted by sensorimotor cerebral EEG rhythms. The Journal of physiology, 586(1), 131-139.
Brady, F. (2008). The contextual interference effect and sport skills. Perceptual and motor skills, 106(2), 461-472.
Bressler, S.L. and Kelso, J.A.S. (2001) Cortical coordination dynamics and cognition. Trends Cognitive Science, 5, 26–36
Bootsma, R. J., & Van Wieringen, P. C. (1990). Timing an attacking forehand drive in table tennis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16(1), 21-29.
Beisman, G. L. (1967). Effect of rhythmic accompaniment upon learning of fundamental motor skills. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 38(2), 172-176
Bernstein, N. A. (1967). The co-ordination and regulation of movements. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Baca, A., Dabnichki, P., Heller, M., & Kornfeind, P. (2009). Ubiquitous computing in sports: A review and analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(12), 1335-1346.
Bernardina, G. R., Cerveri, P., Barros, R. M., Marins, J. C., & Silvatti, A. P. (2017). In-air versus underwater comparison of 3D reconstruction accuracy using action sport cameras. Journal of biomechanics, 51, 77-82.
Chuang, K. L. & Liu, Y. T. (2016 July). Coordination of racket and ball: age effect on information racket and ball. Mini-Oral conducted at 21th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Vienna, Austrian.
Chuang, K. L. & Liu, Y. T. (2015 April). Exploring the temporal and spatial characteristics of the stroke performances in the semi-final of the man’s singles in 2015 table tennis world team cup. Oral conducted at the 14th ITTF Sports Science Congress and 5th World Racquet Sports Congress, China.
Chuang, K. L. & Liu, Y. T. (2013 June). The effects of age and contextual interference on the timing performance in table tennis serves. Poster conducted at Conference of North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity, New Orland.
Cheong, J. P., Lay, B., & Razman, R. (2016). Investigating the Contextual Interference Effect Using Combination Sports Skills in Open and Closed Skill Environments. Journal of sports science & medicine, 15(1), 167.
Craig, C. M., & Lee, D. N. (1999). Neonatal control of nutritive sucking pressure: evidence for an intrinsic τ-guide. Experimental Brain Research, 124(3), 371-382.
Cohen, J (1992). "A power primer". Psychological Bulletin. 112 (1)
Davids, K., Hristovski, R., Araújo, D., Balague Serre, N., Button, C., Passos, P. (eds.) (2014). Complex Systems in Sport, Ox: Routledge.
Doppelmayr, M., Finkenzeller, T., & Sauseng, P. (2008). Frontal midline theta in the pre-shot phase of rifle shooting: differences between experts and novices. Neuropsychologia, 46(5), 1463-1467.
Djokic, Z. (2002). Structure of competitors' activities of top table tennis players. International Journal of Table Tennis Sciences, 4&5, 74-90.
Diedrich, F. J., & Warren Jr, W. H. (1995). Why change gaits? Dynamics of the walk-run transition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(1), 183.
Eigen, M. (1971). Selforganization of matter and the evolution of biological macromolecules. Naturwissenschaften, 58(10), 465-523.
Eigen, M. (2013). From strange simplicity to complex familiarity: a treatise on matter, information, life and thought. OUP Oxford.
Eichelberger, P., Ferraro, M., Minder, U., Denton, T., Blasimann, A., Krause, F., & Baur, H. (2016). Analysis of accuracy in optical motion capture–A protocol for laboratory setup evaluation. Journal of biomechanics, 49(10), 2085-2088.
Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of experimental psychology,47(6), 381.
Falk, A., & Heckman, J. J. (2009). Lab experiments are a major source of knowledge in the social sciences. science, 326(5952), 535-538.
Floyer-Lea, A., & Matthews, P. M. (2005). Distinguishable brain activation networks for short-and long-term motor skill learning. Journal of neurophysiology, 94(1), 512-518.
García-Vergara, S., & Howard, A. M. (2014, June). Three-Dimensional Fitt’s Law Model Used to Predict Movement Time in Serious Games for Rehabilitation. In International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (pp. 287-297). Springer International Publishing.
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hodges, L. (1994). Table tennis: Step to success. Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
Hung, T. M., Haufler, A. J., Lo, L., Mayer-Kress, G., & Hatfield, B. D. (2008). Visuomotor expertise and dimensional complexity of cerebral cortical activity. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 40(4), 752.
Heath, M., Samani, A., Tremblay, L., & Elliott, D. (2016). Fitts’ Theorem in Oculomotor Control: Dissociable Movement Times for Amplitude and Width Manipulations. Journal of Motor Behavior, 48(6), 489-499.
Hajihosseini, S. (2016). The Effect of Moderate Contextual Interference on Motor-Skill Learning. Biology and Medicine,.
Hsieh, T. Y., Pacheco, M. M., & Newell, K. M. (2015). Entropy of space–time outcome in a movement speed–accuracy task. Human Movement Science, 44, 201-210.
Hockenbury, D. H., & Hockenbury, S. E. (2010). Psychology. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
Hughes, M., & Franks, I. M. (2004) Notational analysis of sport: Systems for better coaching and performance in sport (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
Hodges, L. (1989). Instructor's guide to table tennis. Retrieved April 1, 2013, from http://216.119.100.169/organization/instructors_guide.pdf.
Haken, H., Kelso, J.A.S. and Bunz, H. (1985) A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements. Biological Cybernetics, 51, 347-356.
Hancock, P. A., & Newell, K. M. (1985). The movement speed-accuracy relationship in space-time. In H. Heuer, U. Kleinbeck, & K. H. Schmidt (Eds.), Motor Behavior Programming, Control, and Acquisition, 153-188. Heidelberg.
Iino, Y., Mori, T., & Kojima, T. (2008). Contributions of upper limb rotations to racket velocity in table tennis backhands against topspin and backspin. Journal of sports sciences, 26(3), 287-293.
Iino, Y., & Kojima, T. (2009). Kinematics of table tennis topspin forehands: effects of performance level and ball spin. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(12), 1311-1321.
Iino, Y., & Kojima, T. (2011). Kinetics of the upper limb during table tennis topspin forehands in advanced and intermediate players. Sports Biomechanics, 10(4), 361-377.
Iino, Y., & Kojima, T. (2016). Effect of the racket mass and the rate of strokes on kinematics and kinetics in the table tennis topspin backhand. Journal of sports sciences, 34(8), 721-729.
Iino, Y. (2017). Hip joint kinetics in the table tennis topspin forehand: relationship to racket velocity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1-9.
Ijiri, T., Shinya, M., & Nakazawa, K. (2015). Interpersonal variability in timing strategy and temporal accuracy in rapid interception task with variable time-to-contact. Journal of sports sciences, 33(4), 381-390.
Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception & psychophysics, 14(2), 201-211
Katsumata, H., & Russell, D. M. (2012). Prospective versus predictive control in timing of hitting a falling ball. Experimental brain research, 216(4), 499-514.
Kao, S. C., Huang, C. J., & Hung, T. M. (2013). Frontal midline theta is a specific indicator of optimal attentional engagement during skilled putting performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35, 470-478.
Kelso, J.A.S. (2001) Self-organizing dynamical systems. In International Encyclopaedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (Smelser, N.J. and Baltes, P.B., eds), pp. 13844–13850, Pergamon
Kelso, J. S. (1995). Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kondrič, M., Zagatto, A. M., & Sekulić, D. (2013). The physiological demands of table tennis: a review. Journal of sports science & medicine, 12(3), 362.
LE Mansec, Y., Seve, C., & Jubeau, M. (2016). Neuromuscular fatigue and time motion analysis during a table tennis competition. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness.
Liu, Y. T., & Newell, K. M. (2015). S-Shaped motor learning and nonequilibrium phase transitions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41(2), 403.
Liu, Y. T., Hsieh, T. Y., & Newell, K. M. (2013). Drift and Diffusion in Movement Adaptation to Space-Time Constraints. Motor control, 17(4).
Liu, Y. T., Mayer-Kress, G., & Newell, K. M. (2003). Beyond curve fitting: A dynamical systems account of exponential learning in a discrete timing task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 35(2), 197-207.
Liu, Y. T., Mayer-Kress, G., & Newell, K. M. (1999). A piecewise linear, stochastic map model for the sequential trial strategy of discrete timing tasks. Acta Psychologica, 103(1), 207-228.
Lai, S. C., Hsieh, T. Y., & Newell, K. M. (2015). Entropy of movement outcome in space–time. Motor Control, 19, 173–190.
Lames, M. (2006). Modelling the interaction in game sports-Relative phase and moving correlations. Journal of sports science & medicine, 5(4), 556.
Lewis, M., & Hughes, M. D. (1988). Attacking play in the 1986 world cup of association football. Journal of Sport Science, 6, 169.
Lee, D. N. (2014). Moving to make contact. Ecological Psychology, 26(1-2), 47-59.
Lee, D. (2011). How movement is guided. Unpublished manuscript. Available from http://www.pmarc.ed.ac.uk/ideas/pdf/HowMovtGuided100311.pdf.
Lee, D. N. (2009). General Tau Theory: evolution to date. Perception, 38(6), 837.
Lee, D. N., & Reddish, P. E. (1981). Plummeting gannets: a paradigm of ecological optics. Nature, 293(5830), 293-294.
Lee, D. N. (1976). A theory of visual control of braking based on information about time-to-collision. Perception, 5(4), 437-459.
Milton, J., Solodkin, A., Hluštík, P., & Small, S. L. (2007). The mind of expert motor performance is cool and focused. Neuroimage, 35(2), 804-813.
Mitchell, S. A., Oslin, J. L., & Griffin, L. L. (2013). Teaching sport concepts and skills: A tactical games approach for ages 7 to 18 (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Malagoli Lanzoni, I., Di Michele, R., & Merni, F. (2014). A notational analysis of shot characteristics in top-level table tennis players. European journal of sport science, 14(4), 309-317.
Messersmith, L. L., & Corey, S. M. (1931). Distance traversed by a basketball player. Research Quarterly, 2, 57 – 60.
Malone, J. J., Lovell, R., Varley, M. C., & Coutts, A. J. (2017). Unpacking the black box: applications and considerations for using GPS devices in sport. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 12(Suppl 2), S2-18.
Neal, R. J. (1989). The mechanics of the forehand loop and smash shots in table tennis. The Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23, 3–11.
Newell, K. M., Liu, Y. T., & Mayer-Kress, G. (2003). A dynamical systems interpretation of epigenetic landscapes for infant motor development. Infant Behavior and Development, 26(4), 449-472.
Newell, K. M., Liu, Y. T., & Mayer-Kress, G. (2001). Time scales in motor learning and development. Psychological review, 108(1), 57.
Newell, K. M., Carlton, L. G., Kim, S., & Chung, C. H. (1993). Space-time accuracy of rapid movements. Journal of motor behavior, 25(1), 8-20.
Newell, K. M. (1986). Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control. Constraints on the development of coordination. Motor Development in Children: Aspects of Coordination and Control, ed. by M. G. Wade and H. T. A. Whiting, Dordrecht, Germany: Martinus ,341-360.
Newell, K. M., Carlton, L. G., Carlton, M. J., & Halbert, J. A. (1980). Velocity as a factor in movement timing accuracy. Journal of Motor Behavior, 12(1), 47-56.
Newell, K. M. (1980). 30 The Speed-Accuracy Paradox in Movement Control: Errors of Time and space. Advances in Psychology, 1, 501-510..
Newell, K. M., Hoshizaki, L. E. F., Carlton, M. J., & Halbert, J. A. (1979). Movement time and velocity as determinants of movement timing accuracy. Journal of Motor Behavior, 11(1), 49-58.
Nevill, A., Atkinson, G., & Hughes, M. (2008). Twenty-five years of sport performance research in the Journal of Sports Sciences. Journal of sports sciences, 26(4), 413-426
O’Donoghue, P. G., & Ingram, B. (2001). A notational analysis of elite tennis strategy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, 107 – 115.
O'Donoghue, P. (2013). Statistics for sport and exercise studies: an introduction. Routledge.
Prad, F., Martínez, P., Rapún, M., Bataller, V., Castellar, C., & Carrasco, L. (2011). Assessment of table tennis temporary structure. International Journal of Table Tennis Sciences, 7, 80-85.
Poulton, E. C. (1957). On prediction in skilled movements. Psychological bulletin, 54(6), 467.
Padulo, J., Pizzolato, F., Tosi Rodrigues, S., Migliaccio, G. M., Attene, G., Curcio, R., & Zagatto, A. M. (2016). Task complexity reveals expertise of table tennis players. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 56(1-2), 149-156.
Palmer, C., Hughes, M., & Borrie, A. (1994). Centre pass patterns of play of successful and non-successful international netball teams. Journal of Sports Sciences, 12, 181.
Qian, J., Zhang, Y., Baker, J. S., & Gu, Y. (2016). Effects of performance level on lower limb kinematics during table tennis forehand loop. Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics, 18(3).
Ring, C., Cooke, A., Kavussanu, M., McIntyre, D., & Masters, R. (2015). Investigating the efficacy of neurofeedback training for expediting expertise and excellence in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 118-127.
Rothenberg-Cunningham, A., & Newell, K. M. (2015). Mapping Time-to-Contact and Time-to-Peak Effector Velocity in Interceptive Striking Tasks. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 86(4), 414-421.
Riordan, J. (2008). The Hon. Ivor Montagu (1904-1984): Founding Father of Table Tennis. Sport in History, 28(3), 512-530.
Sherrington, C. S. (1906). Observations on the scratch-reflex in the spinal dog. The Journal of physiology, 34(1-2), 1.
Shafizadeh, M., Davids, K., Correia, V., Wheat, J., & Hizan, H. (2015). Informational constraints on interceptive actions of elite football goalkeepers in 1v1 dyads during competitive performance. Journal of sports sciences, 1-6.
Sørensen, V., Ingvaldsen, R. P., & Whiting, H. T. A. (2001). The application of co-ordination dynamics to the analysis of discrete movements using table-tennis as a paradigm skill. Biological cybernetics, 85(1), 27-38.
Schöner, G., & Kelso, J. A. (1988). Dynamic pattern generation in behavioral and neural systems. Science, 239 (4847), 1513-1520.
Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2011). Motor control and learning: a behavioural emphasis. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Schmidt, R. A., Zelaznik, H., Hawkins, B., Frank, J. S., & Quinn Jr, J. T. (1979). Motor-output variability: A theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts. Psychological Review, (5), 415-451
Schmidt, R. A. (1969). Movement time as a determiner of timing accuracy. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 79, 43-47.
Suzuki, H., & Yamamoto, Y. (2015). Robustness to temporal constraint explains expertise in ball-over-net sports. Human Movement Science, 41, 193-206.
Shea, J. B. & Morgan, R. L. (1979). Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5(2), 179-187.
Shiang, T. Y., Hsieh, T. Y., Lee, Y. S., Wu, C. C., Yu, M. C., Mei, C. H., & Tai, I. H. (2016). Determine the Foot Strike Pattern Using Inertial Sensors. Journal of Sensors, 2016.
Sprager, S., & Juric, M. B. (2015). Inertial sensor-based gait recognition: A review. Sensors, 15(9), 22089-22127.
Turvey, M. T. (2008). Philosophical issues in self-organization as a framework for ecological psychology. Ecological Psychology, 20(3), 240-243.
Tresilian, J. (2012). Sensorimotor control and learning: An introduction to the behavioral neuroscience of action. Palgrave Macmillan.
Tresilian, J. R., & Plooy, A. (2006). Systematic changes in the duration and precision of interception in response to variation of amplitude and effector size. Experimental brain research, 171(4), 421-435.
Tresilian, J. R., & Houseman, J. H. (2005). Systematic variation in performance of an interceptive action with changes in the temporal constraints. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58(3), 447-466.
Tresilian, J. R., Plooy, A., & Carroll, T. J. (2004). Constraints on the spatiotemporal accuracy of interceptive action: effects of target size on hitting a moving target. Experimental brain research, 155(4), 509-526.
Tresilian, J. R. (2004). The accuracy of interceptive action in time and space. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 32(4), 167-173.
Waddington, Conrad H. (1957). The Strategy of the Genes: A Discussion of Some Aspects of Theoretical Biology. London, England: Allen and Unwin
Wulf, G., & Shea, C. H. (2002). Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 9(2), 185-211.
Wolf, S., Brölz, E., Keune, P. M., Wesa, B., Hautzinger, M., Birbaumer, N., & Strehl, U. (2015). Motor skill failure or flow-experience? Functional brain asymmetry and brain connectivity in elite and amateur table tennis players. Biological psychology, 105, 95-105.
Woodworth, R. S. (1899). Accuracy of voluntary movement. The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements, 3(3), i.
Wu, H., & Li, Z. (1989). Methods of actual strength evaluationand technical diagnosis in table tennis match. Journal of National Research Institute of Sports Science, 1, 32–41.
Zhang, H., Liu, W., Hu, J. J., & Liu, R. Z. (2014). Evaluation of elite table tennis players’ technique effectiveness. Journal of sports sciences, 32(1), 70-77.
Zagatto, A. M., de Mello, L. J., Papoti, M., & Beneke, R. (2016). Energetics of Table Tennis and Table Tennis Specific Exercise Testing. International journal of sports physiology and performance.
Zagatto, A. M., Morel, E. A., & Gobatto, C. A . (2010). Physiological responses and characteri stics of table tennis matches determined in official tournaments. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(4), 942-949.
Zachopoulou, E., Mantis, K., Serbezis, V., Teodosiou, A., & Papadimitriou, K. (2000). Differentiation of parameters for rhythmic ability among young tennis players, basketball players and swimmers. European Journal of Physical Education, 5(2), 220-230.
Zhang, Z., Halkon, B., Chou, S. M., & Qu, X. (2016). A novel phase-aligned analysis on motion patterns of table tennis strokes. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 16(1), 305-316.