研究生: |
于祐鵬 Yu-Peng Yu |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
語言焦慮與就業力之關係研究:探討語言能力之調節效果 The Relationship Between Language Anxiety and Employability: The Moderating Effect of English Language Proficiency |
指導教授: |
林怡君
Lin, Yi-Chun |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
國際人力資源發展研究所 Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt |
論文出版年: | 2014 |
畢業學年度: | 102 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 56 |
中文關鍵詞: | 語言能力 、語言焦慮感 、就業力 |
英文關鍵詞: | English language proficiency, language anxiety, employability |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:227 下載:76 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
近年來,全球經濟受到交通運輸與資訊科技之發展及全球化的影響而產生巨變,導致現今業界中的競爭漸趨加劇。在現今國際化現象下所帶動之商業模式當中,與外國客戶、同事及長官之間的交易往來、會議簡報、溝通諮詢等情況愈趨普遍。因此,職場英語能力這議題仍受到相當的關注。 然而,台灣人的母語仍非英語,與他人使用英語溝通的過程會產生語言焦慮感,其影響其個人之工作績效表現並更進一步地影響其就業力。此外,如個人有考取語言能力測驗,其分數高低將影響個人之語言焦慮感及就業力。
本研究將語言焦慮作為自變數、將就業力作為依變數,並以語言能力作為調節變數。其目的為探討語言焦慮與就業力之間的關係及語言能力的調節作用。本研究採量化方式進行,並以線上電子問卷方式發放給556名在科技業服務之台灣員工,共249份為有效問卷。本研究採用統計軟體SPSS第20版與AMOS第18版進行問卷分析。
最後,其研究結果顯示語言焦慮感與就業力之間具有負向關係,且語言能力於兩者間具有正向之調節作用。
Global economy dramatically changes in recent decades because of the rising of globalization and development of information technology. Nowadays, it is getting competitive in global economy that there are mutual business transactions, meeting and communicating with foreign colleagues, supervisors, or even clients in the business today. However, individuals with language anxiety to communicate with other people because English is not their mother tongue. Language anxiety further influences individuals’ employability since it has negative impacts on individuals’ job performance. Therefore, English language proficiency is needed at the moment that helps individuals decrease language anxiety and strengthen employability.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the negative relationship between language anxiety and employability and the moderating effect of English language proficiency in this relationship. This study used quantitative approach. The Internet-based questionnaires were answered by 556 participants working in technology companies, and 249 questionnaires were valid. Hierarchical regression analysis was used in this study. The results showed that there was a negative relationship between language anxiety and employability. The moderating effect of English language proficiency on the relationship between language anxiety and employability was also proved.
Akar, D. (2002). The macro contextual factors shaping business discourse: The Turkish case. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 40(4), 305-322.
Andrade, M., & Williams, K. (2009). Foreign language learning anxiety in Japanese EFL university classes: Physical, emotional, expressive, and verbal reactions. Sophia Junior College Faculty Journal, 29, 1-24.
Arthur, M. B., & Rousseau, D. M. (1996). The boundaryless career. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ashforth, B. K., & Saks, A. M. (1996). Socialization tactics: Longitudinal effects on newcomer adjustment. Academy Management Journal, 39(1), 149-178.
Baerveldt, M., & Hobbs, G. (1988). Forces reshaping the future organization and management of work: A perspective from a Canadian oil company. In R.J. Neihaus & K. F. Price (Eds.), Creating the competitive edge through human resource applications (pp. 47-62). New York: Plenum.
Baker, W. (2009). The cultures of English as a lingua franca. TESOL Quarterly, 43(4), 567-592.
Berman, E., Lang, K., & Sriniver, E. (2003). Language-skill complementarity: Returns to immigrant language acquisition. Labour Economics, 10(3), 265-290.
Bilbow, G. (2002). Commissive speech act use in intercultural business meetings. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 40(4), 287-303.
Bloch, S. & Bates, T. (1995). Employability: Your way to career success. London: Kogan Page,
Boerlijst, J. G. (1994). The neglect of growth and development of employees over 40 in organizations: A managerial and training problem. In J. Snel & R. Cremer (Eds.), Work and aging (pp. 251-271). London: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Boswell, T., & Chase-Dunn, C. (1999). The spiral of capitalism and socialism. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Briguglio, C. (Ed.). (2003). Gathering linguistic data from two multinational companies: Intercultural communication in the workplace. In Proceedings from the 5th ABC European convention. Lugano, Switzerland.
Brown, J. & Adler, R. (2008). Minds on fire: Open education, the long tail, and learning 2.0. EduCAUSE Review, 43(1), 16-32.
Brown, P. & Lauder, H. (2001). Capitalism and social progress: The future of society in a global economy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Brown, P., Hesketh, A., & Williams, S. (2003). Employability in a knowledge-driven society. Journal of Education and Work, 16(2), 107-126.
Charles, M., & Marschan-Piekkari, R. (2002). Language training for enhanced horizontal communication: A challenge for MNCs. Business Communication Quarterly, 65(2), 9-29.
Chen, G. M., & Young, P. (2012). Intercultural communication competence. In A. Goodboy & K. Shultz (Eds.), Introduction to communication: Translating scholarship into meaningful practice (pp. 175-188). Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt.
Cheng, Y. S., Horwitz, E. K., & Schallert, D. L. (1999). Language anxiety: Differentiating writing and speaking components, Language Learning, 49, 417-446.
Chiswick, B. R. (1991). Speaking, reading, and earnings among low-skilled immigrants. Journal of Labor Economics, 9(2), 149-70.
Chiswick, B. R., & Miller, P. W. (1995). The endogeneity between language and earnings: International analyses. Journal of Labor Economics, 13(2), 246-288.
Chiswick, B. R., Cohen, Y., & Zach, T. (1997). The labor market status of immigrants: Effects of the unemployment rate at arrival and duration of residence. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 50(2), 289-303.
CILT: National Centre for Languages. (2006). ELAN: Effects on the European economy of shortages of foreign language skills in enterprise. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
Clayton, T. (2004). Competing conceptions of globalization revisited: Relocating the tension between world-systems analysis and globalization analysis. Comparative Education Review, 48(3), 274-294.
Collin, A. and Young, R.A. (2000) (eds.) The future of career. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Commission of the European Communities (1999). The European employment strategy: Investing in people; investing in more and better jobs. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Confederation of British Industry (CBI) (2001) In search of employability, London: CBI.
Crystal, D. (2008). Two thousand million? English Today, 24(1), 3-6.
De Cuyper, N., Bernhard-Oettel, C., Berntson, E., De Witte, H., & Alarco, B. (2008). Employability and employees’ well-being: Mediation by job insecurity. Journal of Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57(3), 488-509.
Defillippi, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1994). The boundaryless career: A competency based perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(4), 307-324.
Department of Education and Employment (DfEE) (2000) Final report of the national skills task force. London: DfEE.
Dustmann C., & Fabbri F. (2003). Language proficiency and labor market performance of immigrants in the UK. The Economic Journal, 113 (489), 695-717.
Dustmann, C. (1994). Speaking fluency, writing fluency and earnings of migrants. Journal of Population Economics, 7(2), 133-56.
Duval-Couetil, N., & Mikulecky, L. (2010). Immigrants, English, and the workplace: Evaluating employer demand for language education in manufacturing companies. Journal of Workplace Learning, 23(3), 209-233.
Educational Testing Service (2013). About the TOEIC® listening and reading test.
Retrieved from http://www.ets.org/toeic/test_takers/listening_reading/about
European Union. (2007). Key competences for lifelong learning: European reference framework. Brussels, Belgium: European Communities.
Forrier, A., & Sels, L. (2003a). Temporary employment and employability: Training opportunities and efforts of temporary and permanent employees in Belgium. Work, Employment and Society, 17(4), 641-666.
Forrier, A., & Sels, L. (2003b). The concept employability: A complex mosaic. International Journal of Human Resource Development and Management, 3(2), 103-124.
Friedman, T. L. (2006). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J. & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 14-38.
Galloway, V. (1987). From defining to developing proficiency: A new look at the decision. In H. Byrnes (Ed.), Defining and developing proficiency: Guidelines, implementations, and concepts (pp. 25-73). Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company.
GlobalEnglish. (2011). The globalization of English report: Globalization accelerates need for business English communication skills. Retrieved from: http://www.globalenglish.com/m/why_globalenglish/globalization_of_english/
Graddol, D. (2004). The future of language. Science, 303(5662), 1329-1331.
Graddol, D. (2006). English next. London: British Council.
Graham, J. G. (1987) English language proficiency and the prediction of academic success. TESOL Quarterly, 21(3), 505-521.
Grin, F. (2010). English as economic value: Facts and fallacies. World Englishes, 20 (1), 65-78.
Grosling, G., & Ward, I. (2002). Oral communication: The workplace needs and uses of business graduate employees. English for Specific Purposes, 21(1), 51-75.
Hall, D. T. (2002). Careers in and out of organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hillage, J., & Pollard, E. (1998). Employability: Developing a framework for policy analysis. Brighton: DfEE,
Hirsch, F. (1977). Social limits to growth. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Horwitz, E. K. (2001). Language anxiety and achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 21, 112-126.
Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope A. J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 125-132
Iles, P. (1997). Sustainable high potential career development: A resource-based view, Career Development International, 2(7), 347-353.
International Labor Organization (2000). Training for employment: Social inclusion. productivity report v. Geneva: ILO.
Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification, and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk & H.Widdowson (Eds.), In English in the world: Teaching and learning of language and literature (pp. 11-30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kassim, H., & Ali, F. (2010). English communicative events and skills needed at the workplace: Feedback from the industry. English for Specific Purposes, 29(3), 168-182.
Kim, J.H. (2000). Foreign language listening anxiety: A study of Korean students learning English (Unpublished thesis). University of Texas, Austin.
Kondo, Y. (2010). A study on relationship between language anxiety and proficiency: In a case of Japanese learners of English. Retrieved from http://www.paaljapan.org/resources/proceedings/PAAL10/pdfs/kondo.pdf
Kossek, E. E., Huber, M. S. Q., & Lemer, J. V. (2003). Sustaining work force inclusion and well-being of mothers on public assistance: Individual deficit and social ecology perspectives. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 155-175.
Ku, H., & Zussman, A. (2010). Lingua franca: The role of English in international trade. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,75(2), 250-260.
Lefresne, F. (1999). Employability in the heart of the European employment strategy. European Review of Labour and Research, 5, 460-480.
Liebert, R.M., & Morris, L.W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20, 975-978.
Lin, Y., Chen, A. S., & Song, Y. (2012). Does your intelligence help to survive in a foreign jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(4), 541-552.
London, M., & Greller, M. M. (1991). Demographic trends and vocational behavior: A twenty year retrospective and agenda for the 1990s. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38(2), 125-164.
Louhiala-Salminen, L., Charles, M., & Kankaanranta, A. (2005). English as a lingua franca in Nordic corporate mergers: Two case companies. English for Specific Purposes, 24(4), 401-421.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1989). Anxiety and second-language learning: Toward a theoretical clarification. Language Learning, 39(2) 251-275.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991a). Methods and results in the study of anxiety and language learning: A review of the literature. Language Learning, 4, 85-117.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Gardner, R. C. (1991b). Language Anxiety: Its relationship to other anxieties and to processing in native and second languages. Language Learning, 41 (4), 513-534.
Malaysian Employers Federation (2004). Facing the realities of the world of work. Retrieved from: http:// www.epu.gov.my/seminars.
March, J.G., & Simon, H.A. (1958). Organizations. New York: John Wiley.
McNamara, T. (1996). Measuring second language performance. London and New York: Longman.
McQuaid, R.W., & Lindsay, C. (2005). The concept of employability. Urban Studies,42(2), 197-219.
Melitz, J. (2008). Language and foreign trade. European Economic Review, 52(4), 667-699.
Michaels, E., Handfield-Jones, H. & Axelrod, B. (2001). The war for talent. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Mohd Radzuan, N. R., Ali, F., Kassim, H., Hashim, H., Osman, N., & Abid, R. (2006). Developing speaking skills module for engineering students. (Unpublished research final report), University of Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia.
Nair-Venugopal, S. (2001). The sociolinguistics of choice in Malaysian business settings. The International Journal of Sociology of Language, 152, 21-52.
Nair-Venugopal, S. (2006). An interactional model of English in Malaysia: A contextualized response to commodification. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 16(1), 51-75.
Naveh-Benjamin, M. (1991). A comparison of training programs intended for different types of test anxious students: Further support for an information-processing model, Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(1), 134-139.
Nickerson, C. (2005). English as a lingua franca in international business contexts. English for Specific Purposes, 24(4), 367-380.
OECD. (1998). Human capital investment: An international comparison. Paris: OECD.
OECD. (2005). Definition and selection of key competencies: Executive summary. Retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/47/61/35070367.pdf
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2013). Retrieved from http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/proficiency#proficient__5
Partnership for 21st-Century Skills. (2006). Are they really ready to work? Employers’ perspectives on the basic knowledge and applied skills of new entrants to the 21st-century U.S. workforce. Retrieved from: http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf
Pinon, R., & Haydon, J. (2010). The benefits of the English language for individuals and societies: Qualitative indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan. London: Euromonitor International. Retrieved from: http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf.
Planken, B., van Hooft, A., & Korzilius, H. (2004). Promoting intercultural communicative competence through foreign language courses. Business Communication Quarterly, 67(3), 308-315.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamondon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the workplace: Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 612-624.
Rajan, A. (1997). Employability in the finance sector: Rhetoric vs reality. Human Resource Management Journal, 7(1), 67-78.
Riemer, M. J. (2002). English and communication skills for the global engineer. Global Journal of Engineering Education, 6 (1), 91-100.
Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (1990). English language proficiency and the economic progress of immigrants. Economic Letters, 34(3), 295-300.
Rogers, P. (1998). National agendas and the English divide. Business Communication Quarterly, 61(3), 79-85.
Rothwell, A., & Arnold, J. (2007). Self-perceived employability: Development and validation of a scale. Personnel Review, 36(1), 23-41.
Rothwell, A., Herbert, I., & Rothwell, F. (2008). Self-perceived employability: Construction and initial validation of a scale for university students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 1-12.
Saito, Y., Horwitz, E. K., & Garza, T. J. (1999). Foreign language reading anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 83(2), 202-218.
Sanders, J. & de Grip, A. (2004), Training, task flexibility and the employability of low-skilled workers. International Journal of Manpower, 25(1), 73-89.
Scovel, T. (1978). The effect of affect: A review of the anxiety literature. Language Learning, 28, 129-142.
Sklair, L. (1999). Competing conceptions of globalization. Journal of World-Systems Research, 5(2), 143-162.
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
The International Research Foundation for English Language Education (2006). English at work: An analysis of case reports about English language training for the 21st-century workforce. Retrieved from: http://www.tirfonline.org/english-in-the-workforce/
Thijssen, J. G. L. (1996). Learning, aging and career prospect. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Catholic University Brabant, Neitherland.
Thijssen, J. G. L., & Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2003). Employability in the focus of attention. In M. J. Morley, P. Gunnigle, N. Heraty, J. Pearson, H. Shiekh, & S. Tiernan (Eds.), Exploring the mosaic: Developing the discipline (pp. 229-239). Dublin: Interesource Group Limited.
Tobias, S. (1985). Test anxiety: Interference, defective skills and cognitive capacity, Educational Psychologist, 20(3), 135-442.
Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st-century skills: Learning for life in our times. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
United Nations (2001) Recommendations of the high level panel of the youth employment network. New York: United Nations.
US Department of Education (2006). Improving workplace opportunities for limited English-speaking workers. Retrieved from http://www.kidscount. org/news/May2008/PDFs/ImprovWplaceELL.pdf
Van Der Heijde, C. M., & Van Der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2006). A competence-based and multidimensional operationalisation and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45(3), 449-476.
Van der Heijden, B. (2002), Pre-requisites to guarantee life-long employability. Personnel Review, 31, 44-61.
Van Horn, C. E. (1995). Enhancing the connection between higher education and the workplace: A survey of employers. Denver, CO: State Higher Education Executive Officers Association.
Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as a second language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308-328
Yaikhong, K. & Usaha, S. (2012). A measure of EFL public speaking class anxiety: Scale development andpreliminary validation and reliability. English Language Teaching, 5(12), 23-35.
Young, D. J. (1990). An investigation of students' perspectives on anxiety and speaking. Foreign Language Annals, 23(6), 539-553.
Zeidner, M. (1998) Test anxiety: The state of the art. New York: Plenum Press.