本研究旨在探討焦點解決團體諮商之成效與歷程間的關聯。研究目的包括：（1）焦點解決團體諮商對大學生希望感的諮商成效；（2）焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟在團體歷程之發展與變化；以及（3）焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟和團體諮商成效之間的關聯。
本研究採用「準實驗法組間前後測與追蹤測設計」及「問卷調查法」以回應研究目的，邀請16位具自我探索與成長意願的大學生參與者作研究對象，分派至實驗組與對照組，實驗組成員需參與為期八週，每次150分鐘的「焦點解決自我成長團體」，而對照組則不作處理。在研究工具部分，使用「希望感量表」和「團體諮商工作同盟量表」進行評估。兩組成員均須在團體前、團體結束以及團體結束一個月時填寫「希望感量表」，而實驗組成員亦須在每次團體結束時填答「團體諮商工作同盟量表」。
在研究變項方面，首先，針對焦解決團體諮商之成效部分，本研究以實驗處理作為自變項，「希望感量表」之得分作為依變項，透過單因子共變數分析進行考驗，釐清團體之立即與追蹤成效；再者，對焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟的發展層面，則主要以非計量多向度多元尺度法之座標值及二維空間圖呈現；最後，在焦點解決成效與歷程的關聯方面，則分別定義「團體諮商工作同盟量表」之得分以及「希望感量表」前後測殘差改變分數為歷程和成效，並採用簡單迴歸分析瞭解兩者間之關聯與預測力。研究結果如下：
一、焦點解決團體諮商對大學生希望感具立即諮商成效。研究發現，實驗組於「希望感全量表」及其兩構念—「路徑分量表」和「能量分量表」上，得分均顯著高於控制組。
二、焦點解決團體諮商對大學生希望感具部分追蹤諮商成效。研究顯示，實驗組於「希望感全量表」及其構念之「能量分量表」上，得分顯著高於控制組，但「路徑分量表」則未有顯著差異。
三、焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟總分及各向度之得分均屬正向偏高，而其各向度之發展歷程則能以「成長」及「成員間一致性」兩維度理解。從內容向度來看，「目標」與「任務」的成長模式類似，但負成長時不一致性則較高，而「聯結」方面不僅成長迅速，成員間的感受也較一致。就人際向度而言，「成員與領導者」、「其他成員與領導者」和「整個團體與領導者」之工作同盟，皆於團體頭兩次間有最大幅度的成長，但亦各出現一次單次同盟明顯下降的情況，且成員間有明顯不一致的感受，而在「成員與其他成員」向度，則是較和緩漸增的成長模式，顯示不同人際系統間工作同盟發展之特殊性。
四、焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟與團體諮商成效間有緊密關聯，而各向度間之關聯性與預測力則略有不同。研究指出，焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟無論總分或各分向度，皆對「整體希望感」的進展具有顯著的正向預測力。然而，在希望的兩項構念上，僅內容向度中的「目標」、「任務」分量表，和人際向度中之「成員與其他成員」分量表，對上述兩向度皆具有顯著的正向預測力。
研究討論分為以下三部分：
一、焦點解決團體諮商對大學生希望感之幫助：團體對大學生希望感之立即成效，可能與焦點解決團體諮商之架構符合希望建立之進程，以及團體活動能呼應希望三要素有關；而在追蹤成效部分，由於受到多重因素之影響，尚待後續研究釐清。
二、焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟的發展及意義，包括：（1）焦點解決團體諮商能建立相當良好的整體工作同盟關係；（2）焦點解決團體諮商能即時處理同盟下降的情況；（3）三內容向度之成長型態雖互相連動，但目標與任務的訂定及共識似乎需要經過較長的探索與協商，而情感聯結則能穩定維持；（4）與領導者相關之工作同盟的建立，可能以團體初期最為關鍵，但後續則需相當留意特定事件之影響，及成員間主觀感受的不一致性；以及（5）團體成員間的同盟雖然形成較慢但相對穩固。
三、焦點解決團體諮商工作同盟與成效之綜合討論，包括：（1）焦點解決團體諮商之整體工作同盟品質對諮商成效有重要的影響力；（2）團體對目標和任務的認同與諮商成效最密切相關，但情感聯結仍為不可或缺的元素；以及（3）在團體多元的人際系統中，成員彼此間的工作同盟關係，對改變之促成至為關鍵。
最後，本研究對SFGC在實務上的應用、團體帶領者的培養以及未來可研究的方向提出幾項建議，以供參考。

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of solution-focused group counseling (SFGC) on college students’ hope, the establishment and changes of working alliance in SFGC process, and relations between the effects and the working alliance in SFGC.
This study involved a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design and questionnaires. A total of 16 college students who had motivation for self-exploration and self-growth participated in the study. The participants were assigned to an experimental group and a comparison group. The experimental group underwent the personal-growth SFGC once a week for eight weeks, 150 minutes per session. On the other hand, the comparison group did not receive any intervention. Both groups completed Trait Hope Scale (THS) before the SFGC started, during the SFGC, and one month after the SFGC finished. The experimental group also completed Group Therapy Alliance Scale (GTAS) in the end of each session.
In terms of data analysis based on the research purpose, first, to examine the immediate and retention effects of SFGC, data was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, with the THS scores as dependent variance and the experimental treatment as independent variable. Moreover, the data of working alliance establishment in SFGC was analyzed by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) and presented by the two-dimensional graph. Last but not least, the SFGC process and the SFGC effects were defined as the GTAC scores and the THS residualized change scores respectively. The relations between these two variables and their predictive power were analyzed by simple linear regression.
The research results were:
1.SFGC had immediate effects on hope of the college students. The experimental group had significantly higher scores on THS and on its pathway and the agency subscales than the comparison group.
2.SFGC had partial retention effects on hope of the college students. The experimental group had significantly higher scores on THS and the agency subscale than the comparison group, but there was no significant difference of the pathway subscale scores between both groups.
3.The experimental group had high total scores on GTAS and its two dimensions, the content and the interpersonal dimensions. The two dimensions of GTAS was analyzed based on the growth and the consistency dimensions of MDS. In terms of the content dimension, the growth pattern of the goal and the task subscales were similar. However, the two subscales had higher inconsistency if they were in negative growth. The bond subscales were in high growth and high consistency. In terms of the interpersonal dimension, the working alliance in the self-therapist, other member-therapist, and the group-therapist had the most growth for the first two sessions. However, each work alliance had significantly declined on one SFGC session and had had significantly inconsistent feelings between the group members. Moreover, the working alliance in the self-other member was in a pattern of slow growth. The results indicated the special nature of working alliance establishment in each interpersonal system.
4.There was a positively significant relation between the working alliance and the effects of SFGC, but each dimension and its subscale of GTAS had slightly different relations and predictive power. The total score and the subscales scores of GTAS significantly positively predicted the total hope score. However, only the goal and the task subscales scores in content dimension and the self-other member subscale score in the interpersonal dimension significantly positively predicted both subscales of THS.
The conclusions of this study were:
1.Enhancing college students’ hope by SFGC: It appeared that there were two factors of the immediate effects of SFGC on the students’ hope. The first one was that the SFGC structure was suitable for establishing hope. The second one was that the SFGC activities reached the three factors of hope. In terms of the retention effects, due to the influence of multiple factors, it required further study in the future.
2.The working alliance in SFGC: First, there were highly effective working alliance in SFGC. Second, the decline of working alliance in SFGC could be dealt with instantaneously. Third, the growth pattern of the three subscales of the content dimension were related to each other. However, it seemed to take long time of exploration and negotiation to reach a consensus on the goal and the task, but the emotional bond was rather stably maintained. Forth, it was crucial to establish the working alliance regarding the therapist in the early process of SFGC, but it still required attention to the impact of specific events and the inconsistency of subjective feelings between the group members in the subsequent process. Last, the working alliance of the group members were established slowly yet were relatively stable.
3.The effects of working alliance in SFGC: First, the overall quality of working alliance in SFGC significantly influenced the SFGC effects. Second, the group members’ acceptance of the goal and the task was related to the SFGC effects the most, but the emotional bond of the members was still necessary. Third, in the various interpersonal systems in SFGC, the working alliance of group members were crucial to change.
Last, this study provided implications on practice, future research, and on how to train group leaders.

ㄧ、中文部分
王保進 (1999)。視窗版SPSS與行為科學研究。台北:桂冠。
王榕（2010）。創造性焦點解決短期諮商方案設計暨效果評估：以國防大學學生生活適應為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國防大學，台北。
史莊敬（2006）。焦點解決團體諮商效果與療效因素研究—以人際困擾大專
生為例（未出版之碩士論文）。國立屏東教育大學，屏東。
李玉嬋（2014）。因應病苦汲取正向能量新視框─以焦點解決短期諮商激勵病人堅毅韌性因應病苦之看見。諮商與輔導，346，57-61。
何佩錦（2007）。焦點解決取向團體諮商對大學生生涯信念與生涯自我效能
輔導效果之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。台中教育大學，台中。
何長珠（2003）。團體諮商：心理治療的理論與實務。台北：五南。
吳武典、張德聰、洪有義（2010）。團體輔導（第二版）。台北：心理。
吳明隆（2011）。SPSS（PASW）與統計應用分析Ⅱ。台北：五南。
吳振賢（1997）。大學生之希望概念及其相關因素之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。
國立政治大學，台北。
邱美華、謝麗紅（2009）。焦點解決短期諮商領導者意圖與成員知覺一致性分析。中華輔導與諮商學報，25，1-38。
林虹穎（2011）。焦點解決團體諮商之初探。諮商與輔導，30（9），2-5。
林雅秀（2014）。大學生希望感、自我概念與網路成癮傾向之研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立嘉義大學，嘉義。
施周明（2007）。國小學童學校生活希望感量表之發展研究（未出版之碩士論
文）。國立新竹教育大學，新竹市。
洪莉竹（2007）。稻草變黃金：焦點解決諮商訓練手冊。台北：張老師。
范德鑫（1992）。共變數分析功能、假設與使用限制。師大學報，37，133-163。
唐淑華（2010）。從希望感模式論學業挫折之調適與因應—正向心理學提供
的「第三種選擇」。台北市：心理。
許芳菱（2010）。應用希望感理論體重控制團體對女大學生生理指標及身體
意象之影響（未出版之碩士論文）。國立東華大學，花蓮。
許維素（2002）。災區大學生焦點解決團體諮商效果之研究。高師輔導所諮商輔
導文粹，7，27-51。
許維素（2013）。建構解決之道：焦點解決短期治療。寧波：寧波出版社。
許智傑、謝政廷、吳秀碧（2014）台灣團體諮商研究之題材與方法之整合分
析：以2001-2012為例。臺灣諮商心理學報，2（2），49-75。
張娟鳳（1998）。短期心理諮商的效能因素與工作同盟之研究（未出版之博士
論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
張景然（2004）。團體諮商的觀念與應用。台北：弘智。
張德聰（1999）。運用「焦點解決法」於「成人生涯轉換諮商」效果之研究。
國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
張德聰（2006）。SFBT應用在團體諮商。載於陳秉華、許維素（主編），李玉
嬋、林世莉、洪莉竹、張佳雯、張德聰、許維素、陳秉華、葉貞屏、樊雪
春（主編），焦點解決諮商的多元應用（131-172）。台北：張老師。
陳李綢（2000）。大學生心理適應量表指導手冊。台北：心理。
陳怡蒹（2007）。希望理論融入生涯輔導方案以提昇國中體育班學生生涯發
展概念與希望感之實驗研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立東華大學，花蓮。
陳慶福（1994）。諮商員和當事人在諮商過程中的同盟、口語反應模式與晤
談感受之研究（未出版之博士論文）。國立彰化師範大學輔導學系，彰化。
彭月茵、葉玉珠（2011）。研究生希望感量表之發展。測驗學刊，58（4），639-664。
黃冠潔（2013）。希望感團體輔導方案實施模式之建構及其對國中生希望感影響之研究（未出版之博士論文）。慈濟大學，花蓮。
黃珮書（2012）。Snyder希望理論應用於大學生心理諮商效果之研究—大學 生生活目標量表與團體諮商方案發展（未出版之博士論文）。國立彰化師範大學，彰化。
黃惠惠（1993）。團體輔導工作概論。台北：張老師
駱芳美、郭國禎（2011）。從希望著手：希望理論在諮商上的應用。台北市：
心理。
詹惠竹、葉貞屏（2012）。非行少年在焦點解決短期諮商中知覺之重要事件與諮商技術探討。臺北市立教育大學學報-人文社會學類，43(2)，79-166。
敬世龍（2010）。中學生希望感量表發展及相關因素之研究（未出版之博士論
文）。國立臺南大學，台南市。
錢靜怡（2006）。自殺企圖者人格特質與希望感之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔
導與諮商研究所，高雄。
鍾宇星（2012）。大學生網路使用經驗與希望感知相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系，彰化。
謝麗紅（1995）。成長團體過程與團體效果之分析研究（未出版之博士論文）。
國立彰化師範大學，彰化。
謝麗紅（2000）。團體成員滿意度與團體目標達程度之評估。諮商與輔導，174，
13-16。
謝麗紅（2000）。團體過程中工作同盟的變化及其與團體成果之關係研究。輔導
學報，21，63-92。
謝麗紅、林詠昌（2012）。團體諮商工作同盟量表編製研究。中華輔導與諮商
學報，40，59-93。
戴禎儀（2011）。大學生就讀科系挫折、復原力與生涯希望感之關係—以台
灣北部大學生為例（未出版之博士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，台北。
饒家榮（2012）。希望感、因應策略與心理幸福感之相關探討：以大學生為
例（未發表之碩士論文）。中原大學，桃園。

二、英文部分
Abouguendia, Mona, Joyce, Anthony S., Piper, William E., & Ogrodniczuk, John S. (2004). Alliance as a Mediator of Expectancy Effects in Short-Term Group Psychotherapy. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8(1), 3-12.
Bachelor, Alexandra. (1991). Comparison and relationship to outcome of diverse dimensions of the helping alliance as seen by client and therapist. Psychotherapy: theory, research and practice, 28(4), 534-549.
Bakali, Jan Vegard, Wilberg, Theresa, Hagtvet, Knut A., & Lorentzen, Steinar. (2010). Sources accounting for alliance and cohesion at three stages in group psychotherapy: Variance component analyses. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14(4), 368-383. doi: 10.1037/a0019170
Bavelas, J., De Jong, P., Franklin, C., Froerer, A, Gingerich, W., J., Kim, . . . Trepper, T. S. (2013). Solution focused therapy treatment manual for working with Individuals 2nd version. doi: http://www.sfbta.org/research.html
Berg, I. K. & Dolan. Y. (2001). Tales of solutions: A collection of hope-inspiring stories. New York: Norton
Beyebach, M (2014). Change Factors in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: A Review of the Salamanca Studies. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 33(1), 62-77.
Blundo, R. G. , Bolton, K. W., & Hall, J. C. (2014). Hope: Research and Theory in Relation to Solution-Focused Practice and Training. International Journal of Solution-Focused Practices, 2(2), 52-62.
Bordin, Edward S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252-260. doi: 10.1037/h0085885
Bourgeois, Lise, Sabourin, Stéphane, & Wright, John. (1990). Predictive validity of therapeutic alliance in group marital therapy. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 58(5), 608-613. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.58.5.608
Brown, Pamela D., & O'Leary, K. Daniel. (2000). Therapeutic alliance: Predicting continuance and success in group treatment for spouse abuse. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 68(2), 340-345. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.68.2.340
Budman, Simon H, Soldz, Stephen, Demby, Annette, Feldstein, Michael, Springer, Tamar, & Davis, Michael S. (1989). Cohesion, alliance and outcome in group psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 52(3), 339-350.
Burlingame, G. M., MacKenzie, K. R., & Strauss, B. (2004). Small group treatment: Evidence for effectiveness and mechanisms of change. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin & Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th ed., pp. 647–696). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Cheavens, Jennifer S., Feldman, David B., Gum, Amber, Michael, Scott T., & Snyder, C. R. (2006). Hope Therapy in a Community Sample: A Pilot Investigation. Social Indicators Research, 77(1), 61-78. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-5553-0
Cheavens, Jennifer S., Feldman, David B., Woodward, Julia T., & Snyder, C. R. (2006). Hope in Cognitive Psychotherapies: On Working With Client Strength. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(2), 135-145.
Coe, David M., & Zimpfer, David G. (1996). Infusing Solution-Oriented Theory and Techniques into Group Work. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 21(1), 49-57.
Cooley, Leslie. (2009). The power of groups. Thousand Oaks, Calif. :: Corwin.
Corey, Marianne Schneider, Corey, Cindy, Corey, Gerald, & Company, Brooks/Cole Publishing. (2014). Groups (9th ed ed.). Belmont, Calif. : Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
Crowe, Trevor P., & Grenyer, Brin F. S. (2008). Is therapist alliance or whole group cohesion more influential in group psychotherapy outcomes? Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 15(4), 239-246. doi: 10.1002/cpp.583
de Shazer, S., Dolan, Y., Korman, H., Trepper, T. , McCollum, E., & Berg, I. K. (2007). More than miracles: The state of the art of solution-focused brief therapy. Binghamtom, NY: Haworth.
Ding, C. S., Davison, M. L., & Petersen, A. C. (2005). Multidimensional Scaling Analysis of Growth and Change. Journal of Educational Measurement, 42(2), 171-191.
Dolan, Y.M. (2014). The pragmatics of hope: What to do when all seems lost. Psychotherapy Networker.
Fiske, H. (2008). Hope in action:Solution-focused conversation about suicide. New York: Routledge.
Franklin, C. , Trepper, T.S., Gingerich, W. , & McCollum, E. (2012). Solution-focused brief therapy: A handbook of evidence based practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fuhriman, A, & Burlingame, G. M. (1990). Time-limited group therapy. Counseling Psychologist, 18(1), 93-118.
Gelso, Charles J., & Carter, Jean A. (1994). Components of the psychotherapy relationship: Their interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 296-306.
Gillaspy, J. Arthur, Jr., Wright, Anna R., Campbell, Catherine, Stokes, Sandra, & Adinoff, Byron. (2002). Group alliance and cohesion as predictors of drug and alcohol abuse treatment outcomes. Psychotherapy Research, 12(2), 213-229.
Glatzer, H. T. (1978). The Working Alliance in Analytic Group Psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 28(2), 147-161.
Glatzer, H. T., Kutash, I. L., & Wolf, A. . (1990). Psychoanalytic group psychotherapy In The group psychotherapist's handbook: Contemporary theory and technique (Vol. F-3, pp. 46-60). New York: US: Columbia University.
Greenson, R. R. (1965). The working alliance and the transference neurosis. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 34(2), 155-179.
Hatcher, R. L., & Gillaspy, J. A. (2006). Development and validation of a revised short version of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 12-25.
Hersoug, Anne Grete, Monsen, Jon T, Havik, Odd E, & Høglend, Per. (2001). Quality of early working alliance in psychotherapy: Diagnoses, relationship and intrapsychic variables as predictors. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71(1), 18-27.
Hill, Clara E., & Corbett, Maureen M. (1993). A perspective on the history of process and outcome research in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(1), 3-24. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.40.1.3
Horvath, A. O. , & Greenberg, L. S. (1994). Empirical validation of Bordin's pantheoretical model of the alliance: The working alliance inventory perspective. In The working alliance: Theory, research, and practice(C-25), 169-128.
Horvath, Adam O. (2000). The therapeutic relationship: From transference to alliance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 163-173.
Horvath, Adam O., & Greenberg, Leslie S. (1989). Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 223-233.
Horvath, Adam O., & Luborsky, Lester. (1993). The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 61(4), 561.
Irving, Lori M., Snyder, C. R., Cheavens, Jen, Gravel, Lorraine, Hanke, Julie, Hilberg, Pamela, & Nelson, Nicole. (2004). The Relationships Between Hope and Outcomes at the Pretreatment, Beginning, and Later Phases of Psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 14(4), 419-443. doi: 10.1037/1053-0479.14.4.419
Johnson, David P., Penn, David L., Bauer, Daniel J., Meyer, Piper, & Evans, Elizabeth. (2008). Predictors of the therapeutic alliance in group therapy for individuals with treatment-resistant auditory hallucinations. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(2), 171-183. doi: 10.1348/014466507X241604
Jordan, K. B., & Quinn, W. H. (1994). Session two outcome of the formula first session task in problem - and solution - focused approaches. American Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 3-16.
Joyce, Anthony S., Piper, William E., & Ogrodniczuk, John S. (2007). Therapeutic alliance and cohesion variables as predictors of outcome in short-term group psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 57(3), 269-296.
Kim, Heejoung. (2006). Client growth and alliance development in solution-focused brief family therapy. (3226672 Ph.D.), State University of New York at Buffalo, Ann Arbor. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I database.
Kim, J. S., & Franklin, C. (2015). Understanding Emotional Change in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: Facilitating Positive Emotions. Best Practices in Mental Health, 11(1), 25-41.
Kivlighan, Dennis M., Coleman, M. N., & aNderson, D. C. (2000). Process, outcomes and methodology in group counseling research. In S. D. Brown & R. Lent(Eds.) Handbook of counseling psychology(3rd ed.). NY: John Wiley.
Klausner, E. J., Clarkin, J. F., Spielman, L., Pupo, C., Abrams, R., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (1998). Late-life depression and functional disability: the role of goal-focused group psychotherapy. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 707-716.
Lambert, M. J.(1992). Implications of coutcome research for psychotherapy integration. In J. C. Norcross, & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration. New York :Basic Books.
LaFountain, Rebecca M., & et al. (1996). Solution-Focused Counseling Groups: A Key for School Counselors. School Counselor, 43(4), 256-267.
LaFountain, Rebecca M., & Garner, Nadine E. (1996). Solution-focused counseling group: The results are in. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 21, 128-143.
Lindgren, Annika, Barber, Jacques P., & Sandahl, Christer. (2008). Alliance to the group-as-a-whole as a predictor of outcome in psychodynamic group therapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 58(2), 163-184. doi: 10.1521/ijgp.2008.58.2.163
Linton, Jeremy M. , Bischof, Gary H. , & McDonnell, Kelly A. (2005). Solution-Oriented Treatment Groups for Assaultive Behavior. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 30, 5-21.
Lipchik, Eve. (2002). Beyond technique in solution-focused therapy (Vol. The Guilford family therapy series). New York :: The Guilford Press.
Lloyd, H., & Dallos, R. (2008). First session solution-focused brief therapy with families who have a child with severe intellectual disabilities: mothers' experiences and views. Journal of Family Therapy, 30(1), 5-28.
Lopez, S. J., Floyd, R. K., Ulven, J. C., & Snyder, C. R. (2000). Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications.: New York.
Marziali, Elsa, Munroe-Blum, Heather, & McCleary, Lynn. (1997). The contribution of group cohesion and group alliance to the outcome of group psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 47(4), 475-497.
Marziali, Elsa, Munroe-Blum, Heather, & McCleary, Lynn. (1999). The effects of the therapeutic alliance on the outcomes of individual and group psychotherapy with borderline personality disorder. Psychotherapy Research, 9(4), 424-436.
McKeel, J. (2012). What works in solution-focused brief therapy: A review of change process research. In C. Franklin, T. Trepper, W. J. Gingerich & E. McCollum (Eds.), Solution-focused brief therapy: A handbook of evidence- based practice (pp. 130–143). New York: Oxford University Press.
Michael, S. T., Taylor, J. D., & Cheavens, J. (2000). Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications New York.
Mireau, R. , & Inch, R. (2009). Brief solution-focused counseling: a practical effective strategy for dealing with wait lists in community-based mental health services. Social Work, 14, 63-70.
Mörtberg, Ewa. (2014). Working alliance in individual and group cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research(0). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.004
Munder, Thomas, Wilmers, Fabian, Leonhart, Rainer, Linster, Hans Wolfgang, & Barth, Jürgen. (2010). Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR): Psychometric properties in outpatients and inpatients. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17(3), 231-239.
Ng, K. M., Parikh, S, & Guo, L. (2012). Integrative Solution-Focused Brief Therapy with a Chinese Female College Student Dealing with Relationship Loss. Int J Adv Counselling, 34, 211-230. doi: 10.1007/s10447-012-9152-x
O'Connell, Bill. (1998). Solution-focused therapy. London ;
Thousand Oaks, Calif. :: SAGE.
Orlinsky, D. E., Rønnestad, M. H., & Willutzki, U. (2004). Fifty years of psychotherapy process-outcomes research: Continuity and change – M. J. Lambert, (Ed.) Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change. New York: Wiley.
Pichot, T., & Dolan, Y.M. (2003). Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: Its Effective Use in Agency Settings: Haworth Clinical Practice Press.
Pinsof, William M., & Catherall, Donald R. (1986). The Intergrative Psychotherapy Alliance: Family, Couple and Individual Therapy Scales. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 12(2), 137-151. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.1986.tb01631.x
Reiter, Michael D. . (2010). Hope and Expectancy in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 21(2), 132-148.
Robak, Rostyslaw W., Kangos, Kelsey A., Chiffriller, Sheila H., & Griffin, Paul W. (2013). The working alliance in group counseling: An ecploratory study. Psychological Reports, 113(2), 591-604. doi: 10.2466/21.02.PR0.113x19z7
Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (1995). Resolving therapeutic alliance ruptures: Diversity and integration. In-session: Psychotherapy in Practice, 81-92.
Schwartz, Ethan. (2004). Therapeutic alliance, group climate, and client self-efficacy: Influences on outcome in group therapy for driving anger reduction. (3143858 Ph.D.), Colorado State University, Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I database.
Sharry, John. (2007). Solution-focused groupwork: Sage.
Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York: NY: Free Press.
Snyder, C. R. (2000). Genesis: The birth and growth of hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp. 25-38). San Diego: CA: Academic Press.
Snyder, C. R. (2005). Teaching: The lessons of hope. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 72-84.
Snyder, C. R., Cheavens, J., & Michael, S. T. (1999). Hoping. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works (pp. 205-231). New York: Oxford University Press.
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., & Sigmon, S. T. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 60, 570-585.
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., . . . Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 60(4), 570-585.
Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., & Babyak, M. A. (1996). Development and validation of the state hope scale. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 2, 321-335.
Snyder, C. R., & Taylor, J. D. (2000). Hope as a common factor across psychotherapy approaches: A lesson from the Dodo’s verdict. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope (pp. 89-108). San Diego: CA: Academic Press.
Taft, Casey T., Murphy, Christopher M., Musser, Peter H., & Remington, Nancy A. (2004). Personality, interpersonal, and motivational predictors of the working alliance in group cognitive-behavioral therapy for partner violent men. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 72(2), 349-354.
Tasca, Giorgio A., Balfour, Louise, Ritchie, Kerri, & Bissada, Hany. (2007). The relationship between attachment scales and group therapy alliance growth differs by treatment type for women with binge-eating disorder. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 11(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1037/1089-2699.11.1.1
Ventura, D. (2010). Outcome and therapeutic alliance in solution-focused brief therapy. (3391089 Ph.D.), State University of New York at Buffalo, Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I database.
Wettersten, Kara, Wettersten, James, Lichtenberg, Brent, & Mallinckrodt. (2005). Associations between working alliance and outcome in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy and brief interpersonal therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 15(1-2), 35-43.
Wilson, J. A. (2015). Hope-Focused Solutions: A Relational Hope Focus of the Solution-Building Stages in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. (Doctoral dissertation), Nova Southeastern University.
Woody, Sheila R., & Adessky, Rhonda S. (2002). Therapeutic alliance, group cohesion, and homework compliance during cognitive-behavioral group treatment of social phobia. Behavior Therapy, 33(1), 5-27. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(02)80003-X
Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. (2005). The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy: Basic Books.
Young, F. W., & Hamer, R. M. (1987). Multidimensional scaling: History, theory and applications. NY: Erlbaum.
Zetzel, E. R. (1956). Current concepts of transference. International Journal of PsychoAnalysis, 37(369-3).