研究生: |
藍婉瑜 Lan, Wan-Yu |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
看見無酬照顧者:女性家庭照顧者被就業市場排除的旅程 The visibility of unpaid carer: The journeys of female family caregivers who have been excluded from the job market |
指導教授: |
游美貴
Yu, Mei-Kuei |
口試委員: |
游美貴
Yu, Mei-Kuei 廖美蓮 Liu, Miriam 廖明鈺 Liao, Min-Yu |
口試日期: | 2023/07/26 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
社會工作學研究所 Graduate Institute of Social Work |
論文出版年: | 2023 |
畢業學年度: | 111 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 172 |
中文關鍵詞: | 女性家庭照顧者 、勞動參與 、就業排除 |
英文關鍵詞: | female family caregiver, labor force participation, employment exclusion |
研究方法: | 現象學 、 深度訪談法 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202301673 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:104 下載:10 |
分享至: |
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女性更容易成為無酬的家庭照顧者,然而在女性勞動參與率逐漸提升的台灣社會,卻似乎未對此就業排除情境有所對策,有就業意願女性的就業權益因為家庭照顧而被忽視,也是我國勞動市場的巨大損失。
本研究期待瞭解女性照顧者被就業市場排除的過程,從踏入照顧場域的考量因素、在照顧與工作間穿梭的經驗與感受,再探討與照顧角色的拉扯中,工作角色遭遇的挑戰與因應方式,最後是女性照顧者對於政策面的體悟與建議。本研究採用質性研究方法,共訪談6位女性照顧者,研究結果歸納如下:
一、女性擔任家庭照顧者的決策經驗:考量層面分為三類,一為個人,包含個人外顯特徵、內在情感考量以及外部現實情境因素;二為被照顧者,包含需要相對穩定的環境、習慣與照顧者的生活模式、傾向同性別子女照顧。第三類為手足關係與照顧功能,包含手足照顧能力不足、曾經有照顧不佳紀錄、彼此照顧認知的差異以及手足計較照顧的公平性。
二、「照顧」與「就業」對女性照顧者的意義:照顧是責任、回報養育之恩與對家庭情感的延續;而就業最重要的是收入,再者是成就感與興趣、學習新知能及回饋社會,照顧未必是女性自願選擇的,而工作對照顧者來說是重要的生活調劑。另女性照顧者在兩者間穿梭的經驗,負向與正向皆有之。
三、女性照顧者在就業端面臨的困境:包含被迫辭職/退休、減少工作時間、工作調整的困難、社會的照顧者歧視。現行長照2.0無法幫助女性照顧者兼顧工作,且因為著重於社區、居家照顧,而弱化其他具替代照顧效果的可能方案。
最後,本研究綜整巨視、中介及微視層次的研究建議,期使女性照顧者在國家政策中的主體性得以被突顯,其就業需求得以受重視。
Women exhibit a higher propensity to assume the role of unpaid family caregivers. However, in Taiwan, a country where the rate of female labor force participation is progressively rising, there appears to be a lack of measures implemented to address this issue of employment exclusion. The labor market in Taiwan experiences a significant loss due to the neglect of employment rights for women who are willing to work, primarily as a result of their family caregiving responsibilities.
This research aims to gain insight into the phenomenon of female family caregivers' exclusion within the job market. It examines various aspects of this process, starting with the factors that influence women's decision to enter the familial caregiving role. It then explores the experiences and emotions associated with balancing caregiving responsibilities and employment. Additionally, the study investigates the obstacles faced by female caregivers in fulfilling their work obligations while being pulled towards their familial caregiving role. Lastly, it examines the perspectives of female family caregivers regarding policy-related matters and offers suggestions for improvement. The present study employed a qualitative research methodology and conducted interviews with a sample of six female caregivers. The findings of this study are outlined as follows:
1. The Experiences of Women in Decision Making as Family Caregivers: There exist three distinct categories of considerations in this context. The initial category pertains to the individual, encompassing personal attributes, internal emotional factors, and external circumstances. The subsequent category pertains to the older parents who be cared for, encompassing the requirement for a relatively stable environment, the inclination and living habits of them, and the propensity of caring by children with the same gender. The third category encompasses the sibling family member relationship and familial caregiving function, comprising factors such as inadequate sibling family member caregiving capacity, a track record of subpar caregiving, variations in cognition of caregiving, and demands of equity in caregiving.
2. The Significance of "Caregiving" and "Employment" in the Context of Female Family Caregivers: The act of caregiving can be seen as an extension of one's responsibilities, a way to reciprocate the care received during upbringing, and an expression of familial affection. On the other hand, employment holds primary significance in terms of financial stability, while also providing a sense of personal satisfaction, intellectual growth through skill acquisition, and an opportunity to contribute to society. It is worth noting that the decision to engage in familial caregiving may not always be a voluntary choice for women, and work serves as a crucial supplementary aspect in the lives of family caregivers. The phenomenon of female family caregivers transitioning between the two different roles elicits both favorable and unfavorable experiences.
3. Challenges Directed to Female Family Caregivers in the Workplace: These encompass involuntary resignation or retirement, decreased working hours, challenges in work adaptation, and societal discrimination against family caregivers. The existing Long-Term Care 2.0 does not adequately support female family caregivers in balancing their employment responsibilities. Furthermore, its emphasis on community and home-based care diminishes the viability of alternative caregiving options.
Finally, this study consolidates research recommendations pertaining to the macro-, meso-, and micro-levels of analysis. The objective is to shed light on the subjectivity of female caregivers within national policy and to underscore the importance of addressing their employment requirements.
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王文心(2023年5月30日)。男主外、女主內?「家庭動態調查」對已婚者戶內分工的初步觀察。中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心電子報。https://survey.sinica.edu.tw/?p=16572&lang=zh
王薏絜、張鎮安(2023年6月24日)。照顧殺人悲劇頻傳!長照機構床位竟要排3年 家屬人生被凍結。TVBS新聞網。https://news.tvbs.com.tw/life/2160693
行政院(2012)。中華民國建國一百年社會福利政策綱領 邁向公平、包容與正義的新社會。https://www.sfaa.gov.tw/sfaa/pages/detail.aspx?nodeid=264&pid=1991
行政院(2016)。推動長照十年計畫2.0〔院會議案〕。https://reurl.cc/3xXDxl
行政院性別平等處(2021)。2021年性別圖像。https://gec.ey.gov.tw/Page/8996A23EDB9871BE
行政院主計總處(n. d.)。薪情平臺—男女薪資差異「工業及服務業受僱員工男女薪資統計」(109年)。https://earnings.dgbas.gov.tw/template.html?selectid=3
李韶芬(2021年2月9日)。照顧的一千零一夜:一個「再生產」的社會學。巷仔口社會學。https://twstreetcorner.org/2021/02/09/照顧的一千零一夜:一個「再生產」的社會學/#_ftnref6
林雨佑(2022年10月6日)。日照中心進駐市區小學引爭議,「長照結合校園」政策有解嗎?報導者。https://www.twreporter.org/a/dementia-friendly-policy-day-care-center-in-elementary-school
國家發展委員會(2022)。中華民國人口推估(2022至2070年)。https://bit.ly/308umph
勞動部(2019a)。工作生活平衡推動手冊。勞動部。
勞動部(2020)。109年部分工時勞工就業實況調查。https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/svy09/0921menu.htm
勞動部(2021a)。國際勞動統計—「表1-7 2021年女性勞動力參與率-按年齡分」。https://www.mol.gov.tw/statistics/2452/2457/
勞動部(2021b)。109年我國兩性薪資差距〔性別統計專題分析-110年〕。https://www.mol.gov.tw/statistics/2461/2473/47778/
勞動部(2021c)。109年僱用管理就業平等概況調查及工作場所就業平等概況調查報告。https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/svy08/0824menu.htm
勞動統計查詢網(2020a)。勞動力參與率。檢閱日期:2021年4月27日。https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/statis/jspProxy.aspx?sys=210&funid=mq03
勞動統計查詢網(2020b)。產業及社福移工人數。檢閱日期:2021年1月25日。https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/evta/jspProxy.aspx?sys=100&kind=10&type=1&funid=wqrymenu2&cparm1=wq14&rdm=I4y9dcIi
劉小玲(2020年7月17日)。家總攜手佐登妮絲加入長照宣傳與喘息志工服務。台灣新生報。https://tw.news.yahoo.com/家總攜手佐登妮絲加入長照宣傳與喘息志工服務-083741069.html
衛生福利部(2016)。長期照顧十年計畫2.0(106~115年)(核定本)。https://1966.gov.tw/LTC/cp-4001-42414-201.html
衛生福利部(2017)。照顧管理評估量表操作手冊。https://www.kmtth.org.tw/dept/LTC/download/106年照顧管理量表操作手冊_衛生福利部.pdf
衛生福利部(2018)。106年老人狀況調查-主要家庭照顧者調查報告。https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/cp-1767-38429-113.html
衛生福利部(2020a)。我想申請長照!〔衛福部長照專區〕。https://1966.gov.tw/LTC/cp-4495-48857-201.html
衛生福利部(2020b)。中華民國108年15-64歲婦女生活狀況調查報告。https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/lp-5097-113-xCat-y108.html
衛生福利部統計處(2020a)。2.4.7老人長期照顧、安養機構概況。檢閱日期:2020年12月21日。https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/dos/cp-2977-13854-113.html
衛生福利部統計處(2020b)。8-06護理之家照護人數。檢閱日期:2020年12月21日。https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/dos/cp-1720-7415-113.html
衛生福利部統計處(2021)。2.4.4中低收入老人特別照顧津貼。檢閱日期:2021年5月12日。https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/dos/cp-2977-13850-113.html
衛福部長照專區(2020)。長期照顧特別扣除額。https://1966.gov.tw/LTC/cp-4639-54127-201.html
衛生福利部社會及家庭署(2021)。未來時代 創新婦女。衛生福利部社會及家庭署。https://reurl.cc/4olXE3
(三)法規
公務人員請假規則(1947年8月2日/2022年6月27日)。
公務人員留職停薪辦法(1997年5月20日/2022年9月16日)。
中低收入老人特別照顧津貼發給辦法(2007年7月9日)。
老人福利法(1980年1月26日/2020年5月27日)。
長期照顧服務法(2015年6月3日/2021年6月9日)。
性別工作平等法(2002年1月16日/2022年1月12日)。
促進特定對象及弱勢者就業補助作業要點(2005年6月24日/2021年8月16日)。
教師請假規則(2006年5月8日/2022年6月15日)。
教育人員留職停薪辦法(2013年4月22日/2021年8月18日)。
就業服務法(1992年5月8日/2023年5月10日)。
勞工請假規則(1985年3月20日/2023年5月1日)。
勞動基準法(1984年7月30日/2020年6月10日)。
二、英文部分
(一)期刊、書籍、論文、調查報告
AARP & National Alliance for Caregiving (2020). Caregiving in the United States 2020. https://doi.org/10.26419/ppi.00103.001
Adelman, R. D., Tmanova, L. L., Delgado, D., Dion, S., & Lachs, M. S. (2014). Caregiver burden: A clinical review. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 311(10), 1052-1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.304
Ankri, J., Andrieu, S., Beaufils, B., Grand, A., & Henrard, J. C. (2005). Beyond the global score of the Zarit Burden Interview: Useful dimensions for clinicians. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 254-260. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1275
Arksey, H., & Glendinning, C. (2007). Choice in the context of informal care-giving. Health and Social Care in the Community, 15(2), 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00671.x
Bainbridge, H. T. J., & Townsend, K. (2020). The effects of offering flexible work practices to employees with unpaid caregiving responsibilities for elderly or disabled family members. Human Resource Management, 59(5), 483-495. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22007
Berg-Weger, M. (1996). Role induction and caregiver strain. Journal of Social Service Research, 21(2), 33-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J079v21n02_02
Budig, M. J., Misra, J., & Boeckmann, I. (2016). Work–family policy trade-offs for mothers? Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties. Work and Occupations, 43(2), 119-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888415615385
Chang, C. T.(2019). Whose duty of elder care? Examining aging law and policy in Taiwan. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 37(1), 1-43.
Cleveland, J. N. (2005). What is success? Who defines it? Perspectives on the criterion problem as it relates to work and family. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration (pp. 319-345). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Colombo, F., Llena-Nozal, A., Mercier, J. & Tjadens, F. (2011). Help wanted? Providing and paying for long-term Care. OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264097759-en
Ding, R., Dardas, A., Wang, L., & Williams, A. (2020). Improving the workplace experience of caregiver-employees: A time-series analysis of a workplace intervention. Safety and Health at Work. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2020.12.003
Fahlén, S. (2016). Equality at home – A question of career? Housework, norms, and policies in a European comparative perspective. Demographic Research, 35(48), 1411-1440. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.48
Fast, J. E., Williamson, D. L., & Keating, N. C. (1999). The hidden costs of informal elder care. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 20, 301-326. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022909510229
Ferragina, E. (2019). Does family policy influence women’s employment? : Reviewing the evidence in the field. Political Studies Review, 17(1), 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929917736438
Fu, R., Noguchi, H., Kawamura, A., Takahashi, H., & Tamiya, N. (2017). Spillover effect of Japanese long-term care insurance as an employment promotion policy for family caregivers. Journal of Health Economics, 56, 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.09.011
Funk, L, M. (2012). ‘Returning the love’, not ‘balancing the books’: Talk about delayed reciprocity in supporting ageing parents. Ageing & Society, 32(4), 634-654. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X11000523
Gallego-Alberto, L., Losada, A., Cabrera, I., Romero-Moreno, R., Pérez-Miguel, A., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., & Márquez-González, M. (2020). “I feel guilty”. Exploring guilt-related dynamics in family caregivers of people with dementia. Clinical Gerontologist. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2020.1769244
Gonyea, J. G., Paris, R., & Saxe Zerden, L. (2008). Adult daughters and aging mothers: The role of guilt in the experience of caregiver burden. Aging & Mental Health, 12(5), 559-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860802343027
Greenwood, N., Mezey, G., & Smith, R. (2018). Social exclusion in adult informal carers: A systematic narrative review of the experiences of informal carers of people with dementia and mental illness. Maturitas, 112, 39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.03.011
Grigoryeva, A. (2017). Own gender, sibling’s gender, parent’s gender: The division of elderly parent care among adult children. American Sociological Review, 82(1) 116–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122416686521
Grönlund, A., & Öun, I. (2018). Beyond the mummy track? Part-time rights, gender, and career-family dilemmas. Nordic journal of working life studies, 8(3), 177-198. https://doi.org/10.18291/njwls.v8i3.109546
Henle, C. A., Fisher, G. G., McCarthy, J., Prince, M. A., Mattingly, V. P., & Clancy, R. L. (2020). Eldercare and childcare: How does caregiving responsibility affect job discrimination? Journal of Business and Psychology, 35, 59-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09618-x
Hilbrecht, M., Lero, D. S., Schryer, E., Mock, S. E., & Smale, B. (2017). Understanding the association between time spent caregiving and well-being among employed adults: Testing a model of work–life fit and sense of community. Community, Work & Family, 20(2), 162-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2015.1112254
Hooyman, N. R. (2015). Social and health disparities in aging: gender inequities in long-term care. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, 38(4), 25-32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26556073
Hussain, R., Wark, S., & Ryan, P. (2018). Caregiving, employment and social isolation: Challenges for rural carers in Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), 2267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102267
ILO (2018). Care work and care jobs for the future of work. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_633135/lang--en/index.htm
ILO (2020). Family-friendly policies and other good workplace practices in the context of COVID-19: Key steps employers can take. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/care-economy/WCMS_740831/lang--en/index.htm
Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Neal, M. B., Ha, J.-H., & Hamme, L. B. (2003). “Redressing Inequity in Parent Care among Siblings.” Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(1), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00201.x
Jolanki, O., Szebehely, M., & Kauppinen, K. (2013). Family rediscovered? Working carers of older people in Finland and Sweden. In T. Kröger & S. Yeandle (Eds.), Combining paid work and family care (pp. 53-69). Policy press.
Knijn, T., & Kremer, M. (1997). Gender and the caring dimension of welfare states: Toward inclusive citizenship. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 4(3), 328-361. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.sp.a034270
Kokorelias, K. M., Lu, F. K. T., Santos, J. R., Xu, Y., Leung, R., & Cameron, J. I. (2020). “Caregiving is a full-time job” impacting stroke caregivers' health and well-being: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Health and Social Care in the Community, 28(2), 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12895
Kröger, T., & Yeandle, S. (2013). Reconciling work and care: An international analysis. In T. Kröger & S. Yeandle (Eds.), Combining paid work and family care (pp. 3-22). Policy press.
Levitas, R., Pantazis, C., Fahmy, E., Gordon, D., Lloyd, E., & Patsios, D. (2007). The multi-dimensional analysis of social exclusion. University of Bristol.
Lewis, J (1992). Gender and the development of welfare regimes. Journal of European Social Policy, 2(3), 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/095892879200200301
Losada, A., Ma ́rquez-Gonza ́lez, M., Pen ̃acoba, C., & Romero-Moreno, R. (2010). Development and validation of the Caregiver Guilt Questionnaire. International Psychogeriatrics, 22(4), 650-660. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210000074
Leopold, T., Raab, M., & Engelhardt, H. (2014). The Transition to Parent Care: Costs, Commitments, and Caregiver Selection Among Children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(2), 300-318. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12099
MacDermid, S. M. (2005). (Re)Considering conflict between work and family. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert (Eds.), Work and life integration (pp. 19-40). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Martínez-Santos, A.-E., Facal, D., Vicho de la Fuente, N., Vilanova-Trillo, L., Gandoy-Crego, M., & Rodríguez-González, R. (2021). Gender impact of caring on the health of caregivers of persons with dementia. Patient Education and Counseling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.02.017
Matteazzi, E., Pailhé, A., & Solaz, A. (2018). Part-time employment, the gender wage gap and the role of wage-setting institutions: Evidence from 11 European countries. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 24(3), 221-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680117738857
Matthews, R. A., Swody, C. A., & Barnes-Farrell, J. L. (2012). Work hours and work-family conflict: The double-edged sword of involvement in work and family. Stress and Health, 28(3), 234-247. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1431
Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work–family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 689-725. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.695
Peng, I., & Chien, Y.-C. (2018). Not all in the same family: diverging approaches to family policy in East Asia. In G. B. Eydal & T. Rostgaard (Eds.), Handbook of family policy (pp. 236-248). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pickard, L., King, D., & Knapp, M. (2016). The ‘visibility’ of unpaid care in England. Journal of Social Work, 16(3), 263–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017315569645
Rosso, B. D., Dekas, K. H., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review. Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 91-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2010.09.001
Sundström, G., Herlofson, K., Daatland, S. O., Hansen, E. B., Johansson, L., Malmberg, B., González, M. D. P., & Tortosa, M. Á. (2011). Diversification of old-age care services for older people: Trade-offs between coverage, diversification and targeting in European countries. Journal of Care Services Management, 5(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1179/175016811X12883685966936
UN Women (2016). Redistributing unpaid care and sustaining quality care services: A prerequisite for gender equality. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2016/3/redistributing-unpaid-care-and-sustaining-quality-care-services
UN (2020). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/
Wang, F. T. Y., Shimmei, M., Yamada, Y., & Osawa, M. (2013). Struggling for recognition: working carers of older people in Japan and Taiwan. In T. Kröger & S. Yeandle (Eds.), Combining paid work and family care (pp. 89-104). Policy press.
Yeandle, S., & Cass, B. (2013). Working carers of older people: steps towards securing adequate support in Australia and England? In T. Kröger & S. Yeandle (Eds.), Combining paid work and family care (pp. 71-87). Policy press.
Yeandle, S., & Kröger, T. (2013). Reconciling work and care for older parents, disabled children and partners: convergent or separate paths in three welfare systems? In T. Kröger & S. Yeandle (Eds.), Combining paid work and family care (pp. 219-239). Policy press.
Yeandle, S., Kröger, T., Cass, B., Chou, Y.-C., Shimmei, M., & Szebehely, M. (2013). The emergence of policy supporting working carers: developments in six countries. In T. Kröger & S. Yeandle (Eds.), Combining paid work and family care (pp. 23-50). Policy press.
(二)網路資料
Carers UK (n.d.). Employers for carers [For professionals]. Retrieved April 16, 2021, from https://www.carersuk.org/for-professionals/employers-for-carers
CSWE (2016). Working definition of economic well-being. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from https://www.cswe.org/Centers-Initiatives/Initiatives/Clearinghouse-for-Economic-Well-Being/Working-Definition-of-Economic-Well-Being
European Union (2021). The European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/economy-works-people/jobs-growth-and-investment/european-pillar-social-rights/european-pillar-social-rights-action-plan_en
European Commission (n.d.). The European Pillar of Social Rights in 20 principles [European Pillar of Social Rights]. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/economy-works-people/jobs-growth-and-investment/european-pillar-social-rights/european-pillar-social-rights-20-principles_en
IACO (n.d.). Recognizing carers [Carer facts]. Retrieved April 16, 2021, from https://internationalcarers.org/carer-facts/
ILO (n.d. a). About the ILO. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/lang--en/index.htm
ILO (n.d. b). C156 - Workers with family responsibilities convention, 1981 (No. 156) . Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312301
ILO (n.d. c). Work-life balance [Working time and work organization]. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/working-time/wl-balance/lang--en/index.htm
ILO (n.d. d). The care economy [Topics]. Retrieved April 21, 2021, from https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/care-economy/lang--en/index.htm
OECD (n.d. a). Work-life balance [Topics]. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/work-life-balance/
OECD (n.d. b). Jobs [Better Life Index]. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/jobs/
OECD (2020). Work-life balance [How's life? 2020: Measuring well-being]. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/e6597da1-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/e6597da1-en
OECD (2021). Part-time employment rate [indicator]. Retrieved April 28, 2021, from https://doi.org/10.1787/f2ad596c-en
UN Human Rights (n.d.). Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women New York, 18 December 1979. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CEDAW.aspx
UN (n.d. a). 5 Gender Equality [Goals]. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/gender-equality/
UN (n.d. b). 8 Decent work and economic growth [Goals]. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/economic-growth/