研究生: |
鄭宗賢 Cheng,Chung-Hsien |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
西漢雲中、東郡、南郡、淮北地區王國和郡的政區沿革及其轄區變動 Political Region History and Jurisdiction Changes in Yunzhong, Dongjun, Nanjun, Huaibei Kingdoms and Districts in Western Han |
指導教授: |
管東貴
Kuan, Tung-Kuei |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
歷史學系 Department of History |
論文出版年: | 2012 |
畢業學年度: | 100 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 285 |
中文關鍵詞: | 政區沿革 、轄區 、《二年律令.秩律》 、《漢書.地理志》 、王國 、侯國 |
英文關鍵詞: | political division evolution, jurisdiction, Ernien Luling.Zhilu, Hanshu.Dilizhi, kingdom, feudal state |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:194 下載:59 |
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《漢書.地理志》乃西漢政區歷經近兩百年調整後的紀錄,全祖望、譚其驤、王恢、周振鶴以王國和郡為單位,建構西漢政區沿革與轄區變動。二十世紀迄今發掘出土的簡牘、印章等文物,諸如張家山247號墓《二年律令.秩律》呈現漢初中央轄縣、紀南松柏一號墓35號牘《南郡免老簿》所見景武之際的南郡、獅子山楚王墓中百餘方官印說明七國亂前楚國轄縣。這些資料所見王國或郡的轄區,卻與前人研究結果出入甚大。究竟有哪些因素導致前人推論失準?有無方法能夠符合傳統文獻與考古文物兩者所反映的政區?成為本論要解決的首要課題
緒論指出現有逆推西漢政區的方法,有以下疏失之處:一是西漢地方行政制度變化很大,西漢前期王國下轄有一至數郡,西漢後期王國略小或等同一郡,因此各政區的轄區未必侷限在《漢書.地理志》同名政區。二是誤將所有同名之王國,視為一脈相承的政區。三是郡能管轄縣、道、邑、侯國等四類的縣級單位,王國僅轄有縣一類的縣級單位,因此「郡/王國」改制會影響該政區轄縣增損。四是縣級單位受到侯國與邑的置廢,與王國或郡同時在頻繁地增損著。
為了解決上述疏失,本論提出重構政區沿革方法有四:一是博採考古資料補充或佐證政區沿革,二是王國與郡應雙軌分開處理,三是擴大考察範圍求取單一政區的轄區變動,四是由《史記》與《漢書》回溯政區要注意置廢時間、地望、戶數等變因。另外,沿革敘述方式尚需補充三點:一是強調王國和郡體制變動的過程,二是說明王國與郡的轄區調整情形,三是以政區圖輔助文字敘述。然而西漢王國與郡高達103個,本論選擇雲中、東郡、南郡與淮北地區,曾發生「郡/王國」改制者進行討論。
第二章考察雲中郡原屬劉喜代國的支郡,由於該郡接近匈奴,幾經匈奴侵擾與代相陳豨為匈奴反漢,高帝收復後,直接與代國換地而將之收回中央直轄。因此《二年律令.秩律》乃是高帝末年至呂后初年雲中郡的轄區。
第三章討論《漢書》記載的高帝罷東郡給予梁國一事,在《二年律令.秩律》卻出現東郡大半縣名。況且東郡南有梁國、北為趙國、東鄰齊國,轄區始終在王國地以西,可知漢初東郡已隸屬中央,故而本章反駁《漢書.高帝紀》罷東郡入梁國之說,並找出中央管轄郡與東方王國群的分界線。此外,東郡的地緣優勢,使其在梁國置廢過程中往東南擴大轄區,並在南界出現犬牙交錯的政界。
第四章探討南郡在景帝時兩度開置臨江國,加上武帝調整南郡一帶的政界,致使《漢書.地理志》南郡與漢初南郡轄區相差甚遠。必須以《二年律令.秩律》在湖北、湖南省的縣名,復原呂后前期南郡的轄區。《南郡免老簿》、《南郡新傅簿》與《南郡罷 簿》,復原景、武之際南郡的轄區。連同《漢書.地理志》的成帝元延、綏和年間(12-7B.C.)南郡,掌握「南郡/臨江國」的政區沿革與轄區變動。
第五章以經度112’40到117’00、緯度34’37至32’03作為「淮陽地區」,考察淮陽國的政區沿革與轄區變動。以淮陽地區王國和侯國分布,配合《二年律令.秩律》的中央轄縣,復原劉強淮陽國轄區。接著整理居延漢簡有關「淮陽郡」的資料,復原西漢中期「淮陽郡」的轄區。再以《漢書.地理志》淮陽國、汝南郡、沛郡等,復原西漢後期淮陽地區各政區的轄區。
第六章延續第五章,討論淮陽地區南半部的汝南郡。景帝雖然廢除淮陽國,汝南國、郡因為後來的隸屬對象不同,加上周遭王國置廢頻仍,使其轄區變動頗大。再加上《史記》在景帝以前沒有「汝南郡」,《漢書.地理志》卻說明是高帝時設置,導致汝南的政區沿革說法分歧。細究文獻出入之處,很可能是楚漢相爭時暫設汝南郡,之後併回淮陽郡至景帝初年為止。
第七章以《漢書.地理志》的沛郡、楚國、魯國、東海郡、泗水國、梁國、臨淮郡為「楚地」的考察範圍,討論七國亂前的楚國轄區。運用《二年律令.秩律》鄰近楚國的中央直轄縣,及清代迄今出土的楚地印章,建構西漢前期楚國的轄區。說明西漢前期中央藉著平定楚地及其周遭的亂事,樹立侯國在楚國的轄區之內。
第八章延續第七章敘述在七國亂後的楚地,政區被大幅調整的過程。然而楚國在宣帝時曾經中斷二十年,改制為彭城郡時能夠管轄侯國,所以《漢書.地理志》無法追溯至漢初楚國的政區。必須以獅子山楚王墓的印章推測劉禮楚國,乃至武帝時楚、魯、泗水等王國的轄區。另外,楚地侯國置廢頻仍,漢初侯國至武帝時凋零殆盡。《漢書.地理志》所見楚地侯國,乃是宣帝至成帝廣設侯國的結果,皆不能以推恩令追溯宣帝以前的楚地政區。
從王國和郡雙軌並行考察西漢政局的演變,劉邦為了解決楚漢相爭的封建問題,試圖以血緣關係作為封建對象,想要強化中央對地方的統治權。可是封建、郡縣雙軌並行制,在惠帝至景帝之間造成王國與中央競逐地方統治權,並爆發七國之亂。隨著血緣關係、以親制疏、眾建、收支郡、推恩等五政策先後形成,不僅限制封建對象、縮小封國轄區,還具有抑制王國叛亂的用意。故而呂后2年(186B.C.)與成帝元延、綏和年間(12-7B.C.)的西漢政區圖,說明中央管轄範圍與王國轄區的此長彼消,反映中央在戶口、財政、國防的強化。故而西漢郡國轄區沿革與變動,說明攘外必先安內的時代意義。
Hanshu.Dilizhi is the record of adjustments in Western Han political jurisdiction after nearly two hundred years.Quan Zuwang, Tan Qixiang, Wang Hui, and Zhou Zhenhe used kingdoms and districts as units to construct the history of Western Han political jurisdiction and its changes. From 20th century until now, the excavated relics such as bamboo letters and seals, such asthe central jurisdiction counties shown in early Han from Zhangjiashan No. 247 tomb in Ernien Luling.Zhilu, and the Nanjun as seen under Emperors Jing and Wu from Jinan Songbo No. 1 tomb stele in Nanjun Mianlaobu, and the hundreds of official seals in the Shizishan Chu King tomb that explained the Chu Kingdom jurisdiction counties before the chaos of the seven kingdoms. The jurisdictions of kingdoms or districts in such data have significant differences with previous research results. What factors have caused previous deductions to be inaccurate? Are there ways to conform to the political divisions reflected by traditional literature and archaeological relics? This is the first issue that this thesis seeks to resolve
The introduction points out that, current methods for retroactive deduction of the Western Han political region have the following problems: the first is that there were major changes in the local administration system of Western Han. In early Han, kingdomshad one to several districts, and in later Han kingdom were smaller or were equal to one district, so the jurisdiction of political divisions were not necessarily limited to the political divisions with same names in Hanshu.Dilizhi. The second is that all kingdoms with the same name were mistakenly seen as the same political division. The third is that districts could have jurisdiction over counties, ways, villages, andfeudal states at the county level, while kingdoms only had jurisdiction over the counties at the county level, thus “=” system changes would affect the increase or decrease of counties under the jurisdiction of the political region. The fourth is that county-level units are affected by the establishment and abolishment of feudal states and villages, which frequently increase or decrease along with kingdoms or districts.
In order to resolve these problems, this thesis proposes that there are four methods for the reconstruction of political region history: the first is widely using archaeological data to supplement or verify changes in the political area, the second is that the kingdoms and districts should be dealt with as parallels, the third is expanding the investigation scope to seek the jurisdiction changes within a single political region, the fourth is using Shi Ji and Hanshu to trace back to the focus on the variables of times of institution and nullification, local power based on the land, and number of households. In addition, the description of the historical changes should also add three points: the first is emphasizing the process of change in the kingdom and district systems, the second is explaining the adjustment of jurisdictions of the kingdoms and the districts, andthe third is using text descriptions of the political region diagrams. However, there were as high as 103 kingdoms and districts in Western Han, this thesis selects the areas of Yunzhong, Dongjun, Nanjun, and Huaibei, discussing areas that have changed the systems between “district/kingdom.”
Chapter 2 investigates Zhi District, originally a part of Liu Xidai Kingdom in Yunzhong District. Since the district was close to the Xiongnu, after their harassment from the Xiongnu and Dai prime minister Chen Xi turned on the Han for Xiongnu, and was recovered by Emperor Gao, land was exchanged with the Dai Kingdom and it was retrieved for direct jurisdiction by the central government. Thus Ernien Luling.Zhilu showed the jurisdictions of Yunzhong district from the late Emperor Gao years to the early Empress Lu years.
Chapter 3 discusses when Emperor Gao cancelled Dongjun and gave it to Liang Kingdom as recorded in Hanshu, but half of the county names of Dongjun appeared in Ernien Luling.Zhilu. Also, to the south of Dongjun is Liang Kingdom, to the north is Zhao Kingdom, to the east is Qi Kingdom, and the jurisdiction was always to the west of kingdoms. Thus, it is known that at the beginning of Han Dynasty, Dongjun was under central jurisdiction, thus this chapter refutes the description in Hanshu.Gaodiji about Dongjun becoming a part of Liang Kingdom, and finds the boundary between central jurisdiction districts and eastern kingdoms. Additionally, the geopolitical advantage of Dongjun made it expand to the southeast in the process of institution and nullification of Liang Kingdom, and forming intersecting political boundaries on the southern border.
Chapter 4 explores Jiang Kingdom being formed twice in Nanjun in the time of Emperor Jin. In addition, Emperor Wu adjusted the political borders in Nanjun, so that in Hanshu.Dilizhi, Nanjun is very different from the jurisdiction of Nanjun under early Han. It is necessary to use the county names in Ernien Luling.Zhilu in Hubei and Hunan Province, restored to the jurisdictions in Nanjun in the early reign of Empress Lu. Nanjun Mianlaobu, Nanjun Xinfubu, and Nanjun Balongbu, were used to restore the jurisdictions in Nanjun under the reigns of Emperor Jing and Wu. Along during the Yuanyan reign of Emperor Cheng in Hanshu.Dilizhi, in 12-7B.C., Nanjun had control over the political division evolution jurisdiction changes in “Nanjun/Linjiang Kingdom.”
Chapter 5 uses longitude 112’40 to 117’00 and latitude34’37 to 32’03 as the “Huaiyang area,” to investigate the political division evolution and jurisdiction changes in Huaiyang Kingdom. With Huaiyang area kingdom and feudal statedistribution, along with the centrally administered counties in Ernien Luling.Zhilu are used to restore Liu QiangHuaiyang Kingdom jurisdiction. Then data on “Huaiyang District” in Juyan Bamboo Slips of the Han Dynasty is organized, restoring the jurisdictions of “Huaiyang District” in mid-Western Han. Then, Hanshu.Dilizhi’s Huaiyang Kingdom, Runan District, and Pei District were used to restore the jurisdictions of political divisions in Huaiyang in late Western Han.
Chapter 6 is a continuation of Chapter 5, discussing the Runan District in the southern half of the Huaiyang region. Even though Emperor Jing abolished Huaiyang and Runan Kingdoms, since the districts had different jurisdictions later, and the surrounding kingdoms were still frequently being established and abolished, there were great changes in the jurisdictions. Along with the fact that before Emperor Jing, Shi Ji did not have a “Runan District”, but Hanshu.Dilizhi stated that it was established in the time of Emperor Gao, so that there were divergent discourses on Runan’s political division evolution. A detailed exploration of the differences between literature, it may be that Runan District was briefly established during the Chu-Han wars, and later it was combined with Huainan District until the first year of Emperor Jing.
Chapter 7 uses Hanshu.Dilizhi’s Pei District, Chu Kingdom, Lu Kingdom, Donghai District, Sishui Kingdom, Liang Kingdom, and Linhuai District as the investigative scope for “Chu lands,” in a discussion of the Chu jurisdiction before the chaos of the seven kingdoms. Using the centrally administered counties near Chu Kingdom in Ernien Luling.Zhilu, as well as the Chu seals excavated since the Qing Dynasty until now, the jurisdictions of Chu Kingdom in early Western Han are constructed. This explains that the central government in early Western Han Dynasty pacified Chu lands and surrounding areas to establish feudal states within Chu Kingdom jurisdiction.
Chapter 8 continues Chapter 7 in describing the process of major political division adjustment in the Chu lands after the chaos of the seven kingdoms. However, Chu Kingdom was on hiatus for 20 years in the time of Emperor Xuan, and when it was reconstituted as Pengcheng District it had jurisdiction over feudal states, so Hanshu.Dilizhi could not trace back to political divisions from Chu Kingdom in early Han. It was necessary to use the seals from the Shizishan tomb of Chu King to deduce Liu Li’s Chu Kingdom, to the kingdom jurisdictions of Chu, Lu, and Sishui in the time of Emperor Wu. In addition, feudal states in Chu lands were still frequently being established and abolished, and feudal states in early Han had completely disappeared by the time of Emperor Wu. Feudal states in the Chu lands Hanshu.Dilizhi were the result of broad establishment between Emperor Xuan and Emperor Cheng, but these cannot be used to use renunciation of enfeoffment and titles to trace to the Chu lands before Emperor Xuan.
A parallel consideration of kingdoms and districts is used to investigate the changes in Western Han politics. In order to resolve the feudal problems of Chu-Han conflict, Liu Bang attempted to use bloodlines to create feudal relationships and enhance the central governance over localities. However, the systems of feudalism and district-county dual system caused the competition over local governance between kingdoms and the central government between Emperor Hui and Emperor Jing, resulting in the rebellion of seven kingdoms. With the formation of bloodline relationships, using close relations to control the distant relations, group construction, incoming and outgoing districts, and renunciation of enfeoffment and titles, it not only restricted the objects of feudalism and shrank the feudal jurisdictions, but could also suppress kingdom uprisings. Thus, 186 B.C.and Yuanyan of Emperor Cheng,12-7B.C., the map of the Western Han political regions, showed the changes in areas under central jurisdiction and kingdom jurisdiction, reflected on central strengthening in household registration, fiscal issues, and national defense.Thus, the evolution and changes of the jurisdictions in Western Han districts and kingdoms explain the necessity of internal peace before external expansion.
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19.張家山漢墓竹簡整理小組編,《張家山漢墓竹簡[二四七號墓]》,北京:文物出版社,2001。
20.連雲港市博物館、東海縣博物館編,《尹灣漢墓簡牘》,北京:中華書局,1997。
21.勞榦,《居延漢簡 考釋之部》,中央研究院歷史語言研究所專刊21,臺北:中央研究院歷史語言研究所,1957。
22.勞榦,《居延漢簡 圖版之部》,中央研究院歷史語言研究所專刊40,臺北:中央研究院歷史語言研究所,1986。
23.湖南省博物館、湖南省文物考古研究所編,《長沙馬王堆二、三號漢墓》,北京:文物出版社,2004。
24.楊廣泰,《新出封泥彙編》第1-4冊,杭州:西泠印社出版社,2010。
25.獅子山楚王陵考古隊,〈徐州獅子山西漢楚王陵發掘簡報〉,《文物》1998第8期,北京,1998.8,頁4-33
26.劉峰,〈安徽省阜陽市發現漢代汝陰宮殿遺址〉,《考古與文物》1996第5期,西安,1996.10,頁9-11。
27.劉慶柱、李毓芳,《西漢十一陵》,西安:陝西人民出版社,1987。
28.謝桂華、李均明、朱國炤,《居延漢簡釋文合校》上、下,北京:文物出版社,1987。
29.簡牘整理小組,《居延漢簡補編》,中央研究院歷史語言研究所專刊99,臺北:中央研究院歷史語言研究所,1998。
專書
1.中國國家博物館、徐州博物館編,《大漢楚王 徐州西漢楚王陵墓文物輯萃》,北京:中國社會科學出版社,2005。
2.王恢,《漢王國與侯國之演變》,臺北:國立編譯館,1984。
3.王國維,《觀堂集林》,北京:中華書局,1959。
4.王煥林,《里耶秦簡校詁》,北京:中國文聯出版社,2007。
5.永田英正著,張學鋒譯,《居延漢簡研究》下,桂林:廣西師範大學出版社,2007。
6.后曉榮,《秦代政區地理》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2009。
7.李力,《張家山247號墓漢簡法律文獻研究及其述評(1985.1-2008.12)》,東京:東京外國語大學アジア•アフリカ言語文化研究所,2009。
8.李大龍,《兩漢時期的邊政與邊吏》,哈爾濱:黑龍江教育出版社,1998。
9.李振宏、孫英民,《居延漢簡人名編年》,北京:中國社會科學出版社,1997。
10.李開元,《漢帝國的建立與劉邦集團──軍功受益階層研究》,北京:三聯書店,2000。
11.李德龍,《漢初軍事史研究》,北京:民族出版社,2001。
12.沛縣漢文化研究會編,《沛縣漢文化研究》,沛縣:沛縣漢文化研究會,1999。
13.辛德勇,《秦漢政區與邊界地理研究》,北京:中華書局,2009。
14.周長山,《漢代城市研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001。
15.周振鶴《西漢政區地理》,北京:人民出版社,1987。
16.邵台新,《漢代河西四郡的拓展》,臺北:臺灣商務印書館,1988。
17.姚生民,《甘泉宮志》,西安:三秦出版社,2003。
18.孫慰祖,《封泥 發現與研究》,上海:上海書店,2002。
19.馬先醒,《漢居延志長編》,臺北:國立編譯館,2001。
20.商文立,《中國歷代地方行政制度》,臺北:正中書局,1981。
21.張小鋒,《西漢中後期政局演變探微》,天津:天津古籍出版社,2007。
22.張修桂,《中國歷史地貌與古地圖研究》,北京:社會科學文獻出版社,2006。
23.陳直,《史記新證》,北京:中華書局,2006。
24.陳直,《漢書新證》,北京:中華書局,2008。
25.程光裕、徐聖謨編,《中國歷史地圖 上冊》,臺北:中國文化大學出版部,1980。
26.程光裕、徐聖謨編,《中國歷史地圖 下冊》,臺北:中國文化大學出版部,1984。
27.程金造,《史記索隱引書考實 下》,北京:中華書局,1998。
28.楊予六,《中國歷代地方行政區劃》,臺北:中華文化出版事業委員會,1957。
29.楊建,《西漢初期津關制度研究》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2010。
30.董平均,《出土秦律漢律所見封君食邑制度研究》,哈爾濱:黑龍江人民出版社,2007。
31.廖伯源,《簡牘與制度》,桂林:廣西師範大學出版社,2005。
32.蔡萬進,《張家山漢簡《奏讞書》研究》,桂林:廣西師範大學出版社,2006。
33.錢穆,《秦漢史》,臺北:東大圖書公司,1992,六版。
34.羅二虎,《秦漢時代的中國西南》,成都:天地出版社,2000。
35.羅振玉,《齊魯封泥集存》,臺北:大通書局,1977。
36.譚其驤,《長水集(下)》,北京:人民出版社,1987。
37.譚其驤,《長水粹編》,石家莊:河北教育出版社,2000。
38.譚其驤編,《中國歷史地圖集》,第2冊,臺北:曉園出版社,1991,臺一版。
39.譚其驤編,《清人文集地理類匯編》,第1冊,上海:新華書店,1986。
40.嚴耕望,《中國地方行政制度史 甲部──秦漢地方行政制度》,臺北:中央研究院歷史語言研究所,1997,四版。
41.嚴耕望,《兩漢太守刺史表》,臺北:中央研究院歷史語言研究所,1993,二版。
42.嚴耕望,《嚴耕望史學論文選集》,臺北:聯經出版公司,1991。
論文
1.尹弘兵,〈漢初內史考──張家山漢簡中所見漢初內史之演變〉,《江漢考古》2008第3期,武漢,2008.8,頁113-117。
2.王子今、馬振智,〈張家山漢簡〈二年律令.秩律〉所見巴蜀縣設置〉,《四川文物》2003第2期,成都,2003.4,頁23-25。
3.王子今、劉華祝,〈說張家山漢簡〈二年律令.津關令〉所見五關〉,《中國歷史文物》2003第1期,成都,2003.2,頁44-52。
4.王安春,〈漢初豫章郡所轄十八縣的分布特點及原因〉,《江西廣播電視大學學報》2001第1期,南昌,2001.03,頁49-50。
5.王愷,〈獅子山楚王陵出土印章和封泥對研究西漢楚國建制及封域的意義〉,《考古》1998第8期,北京,1998.8,頁44-47。
6.王寧,〈也談張家山漢簡《二年律令》的頒行年代〉,《魯東大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》,2006第3期,煙臺,2006.9,頁53-67
7.朱鄭勇,〈西漢初期北部諸郡邊界略考〉,《中國歷史地理論叢》2008第2期,西安,2008.5,頁83-90。
8.吳大林、尹必蘭,〈西漢東海郡各縣、邑、侯國及鄉官的設置〉,《東南文化》1997第4期,南京,1997.11,頁74-77。
9.李大龍,〈不同藩屬體系的重組與王朝疆域的形成──以西漢時期為中心〉,《中國邊疆史地研究》2006年第1期,北京,2006.03,頁14-22。
10.李勃,〈漢元帝罷珠崖郡後海南島之歸屬考〉,《中國邊疆史地研究》2009第1期,北京,2009.2,頁117-126。
11.李啟文,〈西漢勃海郡初置領縣考〉,《歷史地理》第13輯,上海:上海人民出版社,1996,頁136-141。
12.李開元,〈西漢軑國所在與文帝的侯國遷移策〉,《國學研究》,第2卷,北京:北京大學出版社,1994,頁297-312。
13.肖瑞玲,〈秦漢對北部邊郡的開發〉,《中國邊疆史地研究》1996年第4期,北京,1996.11,頁20-28。
14.辛德勇,〈張家山漢簡所示漢初西北隅邊境解析──附論秦昭襄王長城北端走向與九原雲中兩郡戰略地位〉,《歷史研究》2006第1期,北京,2006.2,頁15-33。
15.辛德勇,〈漢武帝「廣關」與西漢前期地域控制的變遷〉,《中國歷史地理論叢》2008第2期,西安,2008.5,頁76-82。
16.周世榮,〈從出土官印看漢長沙國的南北邊界〉,《考古》1995第3期,北京,1995.3,頁265-267。
17.周世榮、龍福廷,〈從「龍川長印」的出土再談漢初長沙國的南方邊界〉,《考古》1997第6期,北京,1997.6,頁82-83。
18.周振鶴,〈《二年律令.秩律》的歷史地理意義〉,《張家山漢簡《二年律令》研究文集》,桂林:廣西師範大學出版社,2007,頁353-361。
19.周振鶴,〈新舊漢簡所見縣名與里名〉,《歷史地理》,上海:上海人民出版社,1995,第12輯,頁151-165。
20.周振鶴,〈與滿城漢墓有關的歷史地理問題〉,《文物》1982第8期,北京,1982.8,頁76-78。
21.孟強,〈從隨葬品談徐州獅子山漢墓的墓主問題〉,《考古》2006第9期,北京,2006.9,頁72-77
22.林振東,〈「居延漢簡」吏卒籍貫地名索引〉,《簡牘學報》第6期,臺北:簡牘學會,1978,頁166-181。
23.苗威,〈樂浪郡研究綜述〉,《中國邊疆史地研究》2006第3期,北京,2006.9,頁137-146。
24.韋正,〈江蘇徐州市獅子山西漢墓墓主的再認識〉,《考古》2002第9期,北京,2002.9,頁86-92
25.晏昌貴,〈《二年律令.秩律》與漢初政區地理〉,《歷史地理》第21輯,上海,上海人民出版社,2006,頁41-51。
26.耿建軍,〈試析徐州西漢楚王墓出土官印及封泥的性質〉,《考古》2000第9期,北京,2000.9,頁81。
27.袁祖亮,〈秦漢時期的潁川郡〉,《許昌師專學報》1989第2期,許昌,1989.6,頁56-60。
28.高敏,〈《張家山漢墓竹簡.二年律令》諸律的制作年代試探〉,《史學月刊》,2003年第9期,開封,2003.9,頁34-35
29.高榮,〈漢代對西南邊疆的經營〉,《中國邊疆史地研究》2000第1期,北京,2000.3,頁1-9。
30.崔大庸、高繼習,〈章丘洛莊漢墓發掘成果及學術價值〉,《山東大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》2004第1期,濟南,2004.2,頁25-28。
31.張平一,〈漢代中山國的世系和疆域〉,《文物春秋》1997第3期,石家莊,1997.9,頁53-56。
32.張修桂,〈馬王堆《地形圖》繪製特點、嶺南水系和若干縣址研究〉,《歷史地理》第5輯,上海:上海人民出版社,1987,頁130-145。
33.張壽仁,〈居延漢簡中之昌邑王國簡及其有關問題〉,《簡牘學報》第5期,臺北:簡牘學會,1977,頁351-365。
34.梁勇,〈徐州獅子山楚王墓出土印章與墓主問題的再認識〉,《考古》2006第9期,北京,2006.9,頁78-82
35.許懷林,〈論漢代豫章郡的歷史地位〉,《江西師範大學學報》1994第3期,南昌,1994.9,頁67-75。
36.陳直,〈秦漢瓦當概述〉,《文物》1963第11期,北京,1963.11,頁19-43。
37.陳直,〈漢封泥考略〉,《文史考古論叢》,天津:天津古籍出版社,1988,頁343-354。
38.陳蘇鎮,〈漢文帝「易侯邑」及「令列侯之國」考辨〉,《歷史研究》2005第5期,北京,2005.10,頁22-31。
39.陳蘇鎮,〈漢初侯國隸屬關係考〉,《文史》2005第1期,北京,2005.2,頁5-10。
40.彭浩,〈讀松柏出土的四枚西漢木牘〉,《簡帛(第四輯)》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2009,頁333-343。
41.曾唯一,〈漢武帝對「西南夷」地區的開發〉,《秦漢史論叢 第三輯》,西安:陝西人民出版社,1986,頁207-209。
42.黃盛璋,〈徐州獅子山楚王墓墓主與出土印章問題〉,《考古》2000第9期,北京,2000.9,頁76
43.楊建,〈〈奏讞書〉地名劄記(四則)〉,《江漢考古》2001第4期,武漢,2001.11,頁56-59。
44.楊建,〈略論秦漢道制的演變〉,《中國歷史地理論叢》2001第4期,西安,2001.11,頁20-28。
45.葛亮,〈西漢前期北方邊防對策舉要〉,《中國邊疆史地研究》1996年第4期,北京,2006.11,頁29-34。
46.管東貴,〈秦漢封建與郡縣由消長到統合過程中的血緣情結〉,《燕京學報》新5期,北京:北京大學出版社,1998,頁1-29。
47.趙平安,〈對獅子山楚王陵所出印章封泥的再認識〉,《文物》1991第1期,北京,1991.2,頁52-55。
48.趙熒,〈兩漢二十等爵制蠡談〉,《簡牘學研究(第一輯)》,蘭州:甘肅人民出版社,1997,頁132-165。
49.劉瑞,〈武帝早期的南郡政區〉,《中國歷史地理論叢》2009第1期,西安,2009.02,頁29-37。
50.劉瑞,〈徐州北洞山楚王墓墓主考〉,《考古》2008第10期,北京,2008.10,頁62-70
51.蔡萬進,〈簡牘所見西陵、西平考〉,《中州學刊》2008第5期,鄭州,2008.10,頁195-197。
52.鄭宗賢,〈東郡政區變遷考察──兼論漢初梁國北界〉,《臺灣師大歷史學報》,第40期,臺北,1998.12,頁1-30。
53.鄭長興,〈漢代淮陽國王郡守考〉,《周口師專學報》第14卷2期,周口:1997.6,頁72-74。
54.鄭長興、郭超,〈兩漢時期的汝南郡〉,《天中學刊》第12卷第4期,駐馬店:1997.8,頁12-16。
55.鄭威,〈試析西漢「道」的分佈與變化──從張家山漢簡〈二年律令.秩律〉談起〉,《江漢考古》2008第3期,武漢,2001.8,頁118-122。
56.謝桂華,〈尹灣漢墓簡牘和西漢地方行政制度〉,《文物》1997第1期,北京,1997.1,頁42-48。
57.謝紹鷁,〈呂后身後的西漢中樞政局〉,《西北大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》2009第5期,西安,2009.9,頁29-33。
58.譚其驤,〈西漢地理考辨〉,《禹貢半月刊》,第6卷第10期,北京,1937.1,頁48-49。
59.蘇輝,〈張家山漢簡之「徒涅」為《漢書.地理志》「徒經」補正〉,《中國史研究》2003第4期,北京,2003.11,頁58。
日文論著
1.日比野丈夫,《中國歷史地理研究》,東京:同朋舍,1988。
2.秋川光彥,〈前漢楚元王の封域──漢初の諸侯王国の行政体制についての予備的考察〉,《大正大學大學院研究論集》29號,2005,頁165-177。
3.宮宅潔,〈「二年律令」研究の射程──新出法制史料と前漢文帝期研究の現狀〉,《史林》第89卷,第1號,京都:京都大學文學部內史學研究會,2006,頁46-74。
4.富谷至編,《江陵張家山二四七號墓出土漢律令の研究 論考篇》,京都:朋友書店,2006。
5.落合悠紀,〈〈二年律令〉から見る前漢初期の南郡の南界〉,《法史學研究會會報》第11號,2006,頁79-88。
網路
1.周振鶴,〈《二年律令.秩律》的歷史地理意義,修訂)〉,「簡帛研究」,網址http://www.jianbo.org/admin3/list.asp?id=1049,2003.11.23。
2.晏昌貴,〈〈二年律令.秩律〉地名劄記〉,「簡帛網」,網址http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=378,2003.12.1。