本文以艾略特・卡特《管弦樂變奏曲》作為二十世紀變奏曲的研究主題，從卡特的生平及四個創作階段談起，並簡略敘述說明變奏曲的技法。然後針對《管弦樂變奏曲》的節拍轉調與主題中的十二音列的使用做進一步的分析，並將卡特畢生致力於研究的節拍轉調概念應用於自我創作的管絃變奏曲《斡旋》一曲中。

This thesis of study about variations in 20th century is based on Elliott Carter’s Variations of Orchestra. First, the author researched some related documents about Carter’s life and his four particular periods of composition career. Next, gave some examples to account for categories and techniques of the variations. Then analyzed the metric modulation of Carter’s Variations of Orchestra and also the compositional technique of twelve-tone the composer is used in the theme. Eventually, I used these manners to practice in my own work (Mediation for Orchestra).

中文書籍
黎翁斯坦 著， 潘皇龍 譯。《音樂的結構與風格》。台北 : 全音出版，民73。
黎翁大林 著，康謳 譯。《二十世紀作曲法》。台北 : 全音出版，民71。
論文
賴安棣。〈艾略特‧卡特 八首爲四個定音鼓所寫的作品五《即興》之分析與演
奏詮釋〉。 輔仁大學音樂研究所，20 05。

西文書籍

Antokoletz, Elliot. Twentieth-Century Music. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice Hall,
1992.

Dahlhaus, Carl. Schoenberg and the New Music. New York: Cambridge University Press,
1987.

Cowell, Henry. New Musical Resources: with notes and an accompanying essay by
David Nicholls. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Doering, William T.. Elliott Carter: A Bio-bibliography. Westport: Greenwood
Press, 1993.

Gann, Kyle. American Music in The Twentieth Century. New York: Schirmer Books;
London: Prentice Hall International, c1997.

Griffiths, Paul. Modern Music and After. Oxford: New York: Oxford University Press,
1995.

Gleason, Harold. Warren Becker. 20th-Century American Composers. California:
Frangipani Press, 1980. 2ed.

Goetschius, Percy. The Larger Forms of Musical Composition. NY: G. Schirmer Inc.,
1915.

Hopkins, Nicholas, John F. Link ed. Elliott Carter: Harmony Book.
NY: Carl Fisher LLC, 2002.

Lebrecht, Norman. The Companion To 20th-Century Music. New York: Simon &
Schuster, c 1992.

Link, John F. Elliott Carter: A Guide to Research. New York: Garland Pub.,
2000.

Maconie, Robin. The Works of Karlheiz Stockausen. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1990.

Pollack, Howard. Harvard Composers: Walter Piston and his students, from
Elliott Carter to Frederic Rzewski . Metuchen: Scarecrow Press, 1992.

P. Morgan, Robert. Twentieth-century Music: a history of musical style in modern
Europe and America. New York: Norton, c 1991.

Varga, Balint Andras. Lutoslawski Profile. London: Chestrer Music, 1976.

Watlkine, Glenn. Soundings. Music in The Twentieth Century. New York/ London:
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Bernard, Jonathan W. ed. Elliott Carter: Collected Essays and Lectures, 1937-1995.
New York: University of Rochester, 1997.

Xenakis, Iannis. Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition.
Stuyesant, NY: Pendragon Press, 1992.

英文期刊

Bernard, Jonathan. “The evolution of Elliott Carter's rhythmic practice.” Perspectives of
New Music 14 (1988): 164-203.

Stewart, Robert. “Serial aspects of Elliott Carter's Variations for Orchestra.” The Music
Review 34 (1973): 62-65.

網路資料

Carter, Elliott. “Elliott Carter: Variations for Orchestra”. http://www.schirmer.com/
2006; accessed 24th April 2007.

Chinet, Jacques. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/music/features/
carter0809.htm.1998; accessed 17th March 2007.

Sisman, Elaine. “Variation”. http://www.grovemusic.com/shared/views/article.htm.
2007; accessed 25th April 2007.

Sciff, David. “Elliott Carter”. http://www.grovemusic.com/shared/views/article.htm.
2003; accessed 20th January 2007.

樂譜
Carter, Elliott. Variations for Orchestra. Associated Music Publishers: G. Schirmer,
Inc., 1966.