時至今日，各界面對翻譯作品與改編作品的普遍評價標準，依然習慣建立在是否「忠於原著」以及強調「對等」的概念之上。然而多年來，隨著研究觀念、方法的持續發展與進步，針對翻譯和改編兩個領域的「忠實」論述已逐漸為學界所淘汰，配合「文本」（text）定義的延伸與擴展，再加上「互文性」（intertextuality）概念的興起，過去原著/原作高高在上的地位已明顯遭受動搖、挑戰。有鑒於翻譯和改編兩個領域在性質上的極度相似，翻譯研究與改編研究並置討論、彼此相互借鏡儼然成為了學界的研究新趨勢及方向。
作家道格·史坦頓（Doug Stanton）的Horse Soldiers一書為讀者詳細講述並還原了911事件後、全球反恐戰爭初期當中一段不為世人所知悉的故事，對於瞭解這段重要歷史是非常有價值的資訊。本研究因此以其電影改編版本《12猛漢》（12 Strong）為切入點，輔以學者赫全（Linda Hutcheon）跳脫舊有理論框架且具有新意的《改編理論》（A Theory of Adaptation）為依據，採用文本和內容分析的方法，透過數個不同主題及面向的例子，多角度地去探究原著與電影改編分別如何呈現當時候的美國–阿富汗關係，以及從文字符號轉換至多媒體符號的改編過程中，最終的呈現結果經歷了哪些得與失。經過針對原著及電影內容的深入探究，本研究認為《12猛漢》作為一部劇情電影，主旨簡明清楚、邏輯清晰、結構也尚稱嚴謹；然而作為一改編作品，雖然成功捕捉且再現了原著的精神和精髓，但是因著改編者與原作者在理念與聚焦重心等層面上的不同，也導致了兩個版本在敘事深度、廣度上出現了顯著的差異。至於改編過程所反映的得失部份，筆者認為雖然電影在內容上勢必會較原作來得更為精簡、濃縮，但同時卻也憑藉影視媒材自身的優勢，例如影像、聲音、攝影技巧、演員演技⋯⋯等，達到了增補的效果，最後的呈現結果也並不遜於原著的文字描繪。

To this day, the general evaluation criteria for translation works and adaptation works are still trapped in the dilemma of fidelity and the concept of equivalence. Over the years, however, with the continuous development and progress of research concepts and methods, scholars and the academic community started to abandon the benchmark of fidelity for translations and adaptations. Also, with the concept of “texts” being introduced and the extension of its definition, coupled with the newly emerged notion of “intertextuality,” they all challenged and dismantled the hierarchy of the “original” and the “copy”. In view of the extreme similarity between two fields in both essence and dilemma, the juxtaposition of translation studies and adaptation studies has become a new trend and direction of academic research.
Doug Stanton’s Horse Soldiers tells a story that was not known to the world during the early days of the global war on terror. This dramatic account contains valuable information for anyone who wants to understand and research this vital part of history. Stanton’s book was subsequently turned into the film 12 Strong. This thesis intends to explore how the original work and the film adaptation respectively presented the U.S.-Afghanistan relations at that time. A text-analysis approach will be adopted to closely analyze the gains and losses during the transformative process, also to identify whether the transformation from words to multitrack medium corresponds to the ideas proposed in Linda Hutcheon’s A Theory of Adaptation (2006). In sum, the thesis discovers that as a war drama film, 12 Strong is a well-structured work with clear, concise logic and subject matter. But as an adaptation work, however, although it managed to capture and reproduce the spirit/essence of the original text, the obvious difference between the adaptor and the author in terms of story/plot concept and focus also lead to significant differences in the breadth and depth of the narrative. As for the gains and losses during the transformative process, the thesis believes that although the content is inevitably condensed and concentrated in the adaptive process, the movie endeavors to create equivalence by exerting medium advantages such as images, sounds, photography, and acting skills.

英文文獻
Bluestone, G. (1961). Novels into film (2nd. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hutcheon, L. (2006). Theory of adaptation. New York: Taylor and Francis.
Jakobson, R. (1971). On linguistic aspects of translation. In Jakobson, R. (Author),
Word and language (260-266). The Hague: Mouton.
McFarlane, B. (1996). Novel to film: An introduction to the theory of adaptation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Milton, J. (2009). Translation studies and adaptation studies. Translation Research Projects, 2, 51-58.
Raw, L. (2012). Translation, adaptation and transformation. London & New York:
Continuum.
Seger, L. (1992). The art of adaptation: Turning fact and fiction into film. Estados Unidos: Henry Holt.
Stam, R.(2000). Beyond fidelity: The dialogics of adaptation. In J. Naremore (Ed.), Film adaptation (pp. 54-76). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Stam, R. & Raengo, A. (Eds.). (2005). Literature and film: A guide to the theory and
practice of film adaptation. Malden & Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Stanton, D. (2009). Horse soldiers: the extraordinary story of a band of U.S. soldiers who rode to victory in Afghanistan. New York: Scribner
Wells, P. (1999). ‘Thou art translated’: Analysing animated adaptation. In D. Cartmell & I. Whelehan (Ed.), Adaptations: From text to screen, screen to text. New York, NY: Routledge.

中文文獻
石安伶、李政忠 (2014)。雙重消費、多重愉悅：小說改編電影之互文/互媒愉悅經驗。新聞學研究，118，1-53。
李大中 (2011)。《聯合國維和行動：類型與挑戰》。臺北市：秀威資訊。
吳玉山 (2002)。仍是現實主義的傳統：九一一與布希主義。政治科學論叢，17，1-32。
吳莉君（譯）(2013)。《好電影的法則》(原作者:Neil Landau)臺北市：大雁/原點出版。（原著出版年：2010）
俞淵若 (2003)。《恐怖突襲與發展：美伊戰爭前因後果》。臺北市：讀冊文化事業有限公司。
高駿千（譯）(1981)。《從小說到電影》(原作者:George Bluestone)北京市：中國電影出版社。（原著出版年：1957）
郭麗娟 （譯）(2017)。《教你看懂電影的20堂課：好電影如何好？》(原作者: Thomas C. Foster)臺北市：本事出版社。（原著出版年：2016）
陳佩筠 (2015)。把故事再說一次:翻譯與改編。編譯論叢，8 (2)，31-56。
陳建勳、奚修君、宋瑛堂、許慧如、胡菁芬（譯）(2001)。《神學士–歐瑪爾與賓拉登的「全球聖戰」》(原作者:Ahmed Rashid)臺北市：新新聞文化事業股份有限公司。（原著出版年：2000）
陳儒修、郭幼龍（譯）(2002)。《電影理論解讀》(原作者:Robert Stam)臺北市：遠流出版事業股份有限公司。（原著出版年：2000）
張錫模 (2006)。《全球反恐戰爭》。臺北市：東觀國際文化股份有限公司。
黃奎博 (2011)。後賓拉登時期的美國全球反恐戰略。全球政治評論，35，1-6。
曾偉禎（譯）(2009)。《電影藝術：形式與風格》(原作者:Bordwell, D. &Thompson)臺北市：美商麥格羅希爾國際股份有限公司臺灣分公司。（原著出版年：2008）
單凝 (2018)。迷你影集《傲慢與偏見》的書信呈現：從《改編理論》看符號翻譯。國立臺灣師範大學翻譯研究所碩士論文，臺北市。
葉婉智（譯）(2018)。《改編之道：將事實與虛構故事改編成影片》(原作者:Linda Seger)臺北市：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。（原著出版年：1992）
楊承淑 (2008)。同步口譯與字幕翻譯之簡化原則。編譯論叢。1 (1)，43-70。
溫澤元（譯）(2019)。《我必須獨自赴約：第一線聖戰報導紀實》(原作者:Souad Mekhennet)臺北市：臺灣商務印書館。（原著出版年：2017）
劉建基 (2012)。文學與電影的對話差異性的重複與創新再造。美育，190，2-3。
蔡秀枝 (2012)。談改編電影對文學文本敘事的改寫：從《死前的最後一課》到《死亡紀事》。美育，190，16-25。
蔡清安 (2004)。911事件對美國國家安全戰略之影響。逢甲大學公共政策研究所碩士論文，臺中市。
劉雲 (2004)。《阿富汗史：戰爭與貧困蹂躪的國家》。臺北市：三民書局股份有限公司。
簡政珍 (2006)。《電影閱讀美學》。臺北市：書林出版有限公司。
蘇進強 (2002)。《美國反恐戰爭：臺灣觀點》。臺北市：臺灣英文新聞股份有限公司。

網路資料
About author Doug Stanton. The Official Website of Doug Stanton. Retrieved from http://dougstanton.com

About Meena Nanji. New Day Films. Retrieved from https://www.newday.com/filmmaker/107

BUILD Series (2018, January 16). The Cast Of "12 Strong". Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MF0h0iuZ9zs

Central Intelligence Agency, CIA. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/index.html

Collins, E. M. (2018, January 17). First to go: Green Berets remember earliest mission in Afghanistan (Part 1-3). the United States Army. Retrieved from https://www.army.mil/article/199134/first_to_go_green_berets_remember_earliest_mission_in_afghanistan_part_1

FilmIsNow Movie Bloopers & Extras (2018, January 15). 12 Strong | On-set visit with Nicolai Fuglsig "Director". Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYTkSVqt0-Y

How Accurate is 12 Strong? The True Story of the Real Horse Soldiers vs the Movie. History vs Hollywood. Retrieved from http://www.historyvshollywood.com/reelfaces/12-strong/

Lizzy’s Film Reviews (2018/01/20)。〈《12猛漢》（12 Strong）- 回歸最簡單的軍人信念〉。取自http://wildflower.pixnet.net/blog/post/32217766

Myers, M. (2018, January 17). ‘Horse Soldiers’ go Hollywood: Behind the scenes with ‘12 Strong’. Military Times. Retrieved from https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/01/17/horse-soldiers-go-hollywood-behind-the-scenes-with-12-strong/

Osama Bin Laden: What happened to his body (2011, May 2). The BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13261680

Phillips, M. (2011, May 2). Osama Bin Laden Dead. The White House official blog. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/05/02/osama-bin-laden-dead

Professor Linda Hutcheon. Official website of the University of Toronto. Retrieved from http://individual.utoronto.ca/lindahutcheon/

ScreenSlam (2018, January 10). 12 Strong: Producer Jerry Bruckheimer Official Movie Interview. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_6Jr-QRcPc

Taliban talks: Will negotiations lead to peace in Afghanistan? (2019, January 27). The BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47021424

Task Force Dagger - Operation Enduring Freedom. American Special Ops. Retrieved from https://www.americanspecialops.com/operations/sof-afghanistan/task-force-dagger.php

The Pat McAfee Show (2019, April 29). Pat McAfee Talks To The Real Horse Soldiers From 12 Strong. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v88e7N1ASNw

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。Al-Qaeda。取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。Caliphate。取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。Cold War。取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。Death of Osama Bin Laden。取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。Forward Air Controller, FAC。取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_air_control

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。Gulf War。取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。Osama bin Laden (1957-2011)。取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。Sharia。取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。United States Special Operations Command, USSOCOM。取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。Vietnam War。取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War

火行者電影精選週報 (2018/01/19)。〈《12猛漢》戰略室看不見的戰場真實〉。第234期。取自https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POA0037/322499/web/index.html#2L-11544494L

白色豆腐蛋糕 (2018/01/21)。〈《12猛漢》荒謬戰爭〉。取自https://kevinhearst.pixnet.net/blog/post/461444078-%E8%8D%92%E8%AC%AC%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD-12%E7%8C%9B%E6%BC%A2%E3%80%8812-strong%E3%80%89

北約憲章第五條（Article 5 of the NATO Charter）。Official website of North Atlantic Treaty Organization。取自https://www.nato.int/cps/ie/natohq/official_texts_17120.htm

自由時報電子報（2009/09/14）。〈賓拉登錄音談話 911怪美國挺以色列〉。取自http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/268557

放映週報–影迷私房貨–電影五四三 (2014/12/10)。〈【有故事的人】文學改編在金馬51── 淺談近年文學改編電影的復現與第六屆「金馬電影學院」〉。487期。取自http://www.funscreen.com.tw/fan.asp?F_No=1155

風傳媒。阿富汗戰爭。取自https://www.storm.mg/category/k9982

電影神搜–電影影評 (2018/01/29)。〈《12猛漢》：趨於流水帳的真實改編軍事片〉。取自https://news.agentm.tw/3219/%E3%80%90%E5%BD%B1%E8%A9%95%E3%80%91%E3%80%8A12%E7%8C%9B%E6%BC%A2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%9A%E8%B6%A8%E6%96%BC%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%B3%E7%9A%84%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E6%94%B9%E7%B7%A8%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%89%87/2/

關鍵評論網 The News Lens（2017/06/07）。看待阿富汗戰爭的全新視角：用「影響力投資」建立協同「復興區」。取自https://www.thenewslens.com/feature/projectsyndicate/70003

電影資料
Fuglsig, N. (Director). (2018). 12 Strong《12猛漢》[Film]. （勁藝多媒體有限公司，新北市新莊區福前街500-2號）