十八世紀末的歐洲社會動盪不安，風起雲湧的革命運動迫使人民在痛苦的環境下生存著，許多人轉而將個人情感寄託在藝術、文學上，而藝術正是一種表現人性的方式，不少音樂家更將音樂視為最能夠表達自我思想的方式，貝多芬 ( Ludwig van Beethoven, 1770-1827 ) 就曾表示音樂是表達情感最好的工具。到了十九世紀，以表達情感為目標的藝術主張得到作曲家的共鳴，羅伯特．亞歷山大．舒曼 ( Robert Alexander Schumann, 1810-1856 ) 為十九世紀浪漫時期極具代表性與重要性的作曲家之一，他的作品中經常有情感的流露，在他與母親的書信中曾提到：音樂是表達靈魂最理想的語言， 對舒曼而言，音樂是一種語言，世上的情、物皆可作為創作思考的來源，內心的情感亦可全然訴諸於音樂之中。
在舒曼的作品當中，以鋼琴曲及聲樂曲佔多數，其中鋼琴曲又以個性小品 (character piece) 最具獨特性，《狂歡節》( Carnaval, 1835 ) 為舒曼早期作品，是由二十一首小曲所組成的個性小品，舒曼將當時的戀人艾妮絲汀娜 ( Ernestine von Fricken, 1816-1844 ) 之故鄉Asch四個字母轉換為音符，成為貫穿全曲的動機，同時受到當時著名的文學家尚．保羅 ( Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, 1763-1825 ) 的影響，在二十一首小曲中呈現各種幻想，藉假想的面容宣抒他暗藏的浪漫思想和情感暗示，樂曲中有許多象徵性人物的描繪，而這些也反映舒曼個人矛盾個性的隱喻–外向的「佛洛瑞斯坦」(Florestan) 以及內向的「優塞比斯」(Eusebius)。
本論文共分為六個章節，包含作曲家生平、文學涵養對於音樂創作的影響、樂曲的創作背景與結構分析……等，期望透過不同層面的研究瞭解，揣摩舒曼內心欲表達之意涵，在演奏詮釋時能更加掌握樂曲的特色與風格。

In the late eighteenth century, Europe was in turmoil because of series of revolutions. People struggled to earn livings and therefore turned to arts and literature for consolation. Arts are no doubt good ways to express human nature. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) indicated that music is the best means for conveying emotion. In the nineteenth century, a viewpoint aimed at emotional expression evoked composers’ responses. Robert Schumann’s (1810-1856) compositions were rich in affections and he stood out as one of the most important composer in the nineteenth century. Schumann wrote to his mother, “I believe music to be ideal language of the soul”. For Schumann, music is a kind of language .Everything can be the inspiration of compositions.
In Schuman’s compositions, the majority was piano and voice works. Character piece are especially the most distinctive ones. Carnaval (1835) was Schumann’s character piece of his youth which contain twenty pieces. Schumann converted “Asch” which was the hometown of his lover- Ernestine von Fricken, (1816-1844) into the motive of Carnaval. Affected by Jean Paul Richter (1763-1825) who was a celebrated author of his time, Carnaval was flooded with illusions and implications. There were many character depictions in the Carnaval-extrovert Florestan and introvert Eusebius, reflecting the contradiction in his character.
There were six chapters in the thesis which included the background of Schumann, the influence of literature on Schumann, the background of Carnaval and analysis of structure. With the discussion and analysis in different aspects, how Schumann wanted to express is expected to understand, so that the performer can understand more about the characteristic and style of Schumann’s compositions.

樂譜：

Schumann, Robert. Carnaval: Scènes mignonnes sur quatre notes, ed. by Clara
Schumann, revised by Joachim Draheim. Leipzig: Breitkopf&Härtel, 1897.

Schumann, Robert. Carnaval op.9, ed. by Alfred Cortot. Paris: Éditions Salabert, 1946.

中文書目：

方之文。《舒曼：詩的音樂、音樂的詩》。臺北：世界文物出版社，2001。

林公欽。《舒曼鋼琴曲集》。臺北：四章堂文化事業，2005。

徐頌仁。《音樂演奏的實際探討》。臺北：全音樂譜出版社，2001。

陳玉芸。《舒曼鋼琴代表作之研究》。臺北市：全音樂譜出版社，1991。

Brockeet, Oscar.《世界戲劇藝術欣賞》。胡耀恆 譯。臺北：志文出版社，1996。

Chissell, Joan.《舒曼鋼琴音樂》(Schumann piano music)。苦僧 譯。臺北：世界文
物出版社，1997。

Dowley, Tim.《偉大作曲家羣像：舒曼》(Schumann)。朱健慧 譯。臺北市：智庫
文化，1995。

Liszt, Franz.《李斯特論白遼士和舒曼》。張洪島、張洪模 譯。臺北：世界文
物出版社，1994。

Nancy B., Reich.《克拉拉．舒曼》。陳秋萍、游淑峰 譯。臺北市：高談文化，2004。

Ostwald, Peter F.《魔鬼的顫音–舒曼的一生》(Schumann : music and madness)。張
海燕 譯。臺北市：高談文化，2006。

Schonberg, Harold C.《浪漫樂派》。陳琳琳 譯。臺北市：萬象圖書，1993。

期刊雜誌：

沈雕龍。〈音樂中的文學，鋼琴個性小品中的詩意〉。《Muzik古典樂刊》No.98 (六
月號，2015)：35-43。

王珮琪。〈深情無限的音樂密碼—克拉拉•舒曼與舒曼〉。《表演藝術》No.209 (2010)：32-33。

李欣恬。〈黯鬱與狂躁天使與魔鬼之舞—舒曼〉。《Muzik古典樂刊》No.78 (八
月號，2013)：32-37。

邱映潔。〈舒曼繾綣兩百年的敏感與浪漫—關於他的人生與作品〉。《表演藝術》
No.209 (2010)：26-28。

中文學術論文：

沈雕龍。〈固定樂思：白遼士執念的樂音實踐〉。國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文，2008。

陳怡孜。〈舒曼狂歡節作品九之探討〉。國立中山大學碩士論文，2003。

陳怡婷。〈音樂的詩意：十九世紀鋼琴個性小品中的文字與音樂—以舒曼與孟德爾
頌為例〉。國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文，2013。

西文書目：

Bedford, Herbert. Schumann: His Life and Work. London: Kegan Paul, 1925.

Brion, Marcel. Schumann&The Romantic Age. London: Collins, 1956.

Brown, Thomas Alan. The Aesthetic of Robert Schumann. New York: Philosophical
Library, 1968.

Chissell, Joan. Schumann. London: J.M.Dent & Sons Ltd., 1967.

Daverio, John. Robert Schumann: Herald of A “New Poetic Age”. Oxford: Oxford of
University Press, 1997.

Daverio, John, and Eric Sams. “Robert Schumann” In New Grove Dictionary of Music
and Musicians, 2nd ed., ed. by Stanley Sadie. New York: Grove, 2001.

Dahlhaus, Carl. Nineteenth-Century Music. trans. J. Bradford Robinson. Los Angeles:
University of California Press, 1989.

Fellerer, Karl G., and Willy Kahl. Das Charakterstück. Köln: Laaber-Verlag, 2005.

Gardent, Coven. Early Letters of Robert Schumann. trans. May Herbert. London:
George Bell and Sons, 1888.

Gillespie, John. Five Centuries of Keyboard Music. New York: Dover Publications,
1972.

Gordon, Stewart. A History of Keyboard Literature. New York: Schirmer, 1996.

Higginbottom, Edward. “François Couperin” In New Grove Dictionary of Music and
Musicians, 2nd ed., Vol. 6, ed. by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan, 2001.

Jensen, Eric Frederick. Schumann. U.S.A.: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Kirby, Frank .E. Music for Piano: A Short History. U.S.A.: Amadeus Press, 1995.

Marshall Cavendish Corporation. The Great composers, their lives and times: Berlioz,
Mendelssohn, Schumann. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corp., 1987.

Maxwell, Carolyn. Schumann, solo piano literature: a comprehensive guide. Boulder,
Colo.: Maxwell Music Evaluation, 1984.

Niecks, Frederick. Robert Schumann. U.S.A.: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1925.

Ostwald, Peter F. Schumann: the Inner Voices of a Musical Genius. Boston:
Northeastern University Press, 1985.

Patterson, Annie W. Schumann. New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1934.

Perrey, Beate. The Cambridge Companion to Schumann. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2007.

Plantinga, Leon. Romantic Music: A History of Musical Style in Nineteenth-Century
Europe. New York: W.W. Norton, 1984.

Pleasants, Henry. Schumann on Music. New York: Dover Publications, 1965.

Reiman, Erika. Schumann’s piano cycles and the novels of Jean Paul. New York:
University of Rochester Press, 2004.

Rosen, Charles. The romantic generation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998.

Rosenfeld, Paul. On music and musicians. New York: Pantheon, 1946.

Sadie, Stanley. ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London:
Macmillan publishers, 1980.

Schumann, Robert. Gesammelte Schriften uber Musik und Musiker. Leipzig:
Breitkopf&Hartel, 1914.

Stolba, K. Marie. The Development of Western Music: A History. U.S.A.: McGraw-Hill
College, 2007.

Taylor, Ronald. Robert Schumann: his life and work. New York: Universe Books, 1982.

Todd, R. Larry. Nineteenth-century Piano Music. New York: Schirmer Books, 2004.

________ . Schumann and his World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Wasielewski, Wilhelm Joseph. Life of Robert Schumann. trans. Abby Langdon Alger.
German: O. Ditson, 1871.

網路期刊雜誌：

Davies, Fanny and Frederick Corder. “Robert Schumann: About Schumann’s Pianoforte Music.” The Musical Times 51, no.810 (Aug. 1910): 493-496.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/908084.

Jacobs, Robert L. “ Schumann and Jean Paul.” Music and LettersXXX, no.3 (July.
1949): 251. http://ml.oxfordjournals.org/content/XXX/3/250

Ostwald, Peter F. “Florestan, Eusebius, Clara and Schumann’s Right Hand.” 19 Century Music 4, no.1 (Summer, 1980): 17-31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3519811.

Schumann, Eugene and G. D. H. Pidcock. “The Diary of Robert and Clara Schumann.”
Music&Letters 15, no.4 (Oct. 1934): 287-300. http://www.jstor.org/stable/727881.

西文學術論文：

Chllung-Wei, Chou. “Aspects of Historical Background, Literary Influence, Form, and
Performance Interpretation in Robert Schumann’s Carnaval.” D.M.A. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1998.

Kaminsky, Peter Michael. “Aspects of Harmony, Rhythm and Form in Schumann’s
Papillons, Carnaval and Davidsbündlertänze.” PhD diss., The University of Rochester, Eastman School of Music, 1990.

Perry, Mary D. “Dissonance Treatment in Schumann’s Solo Piano Music.” PhD diss.,
New York University, 1991.

有聲資料：

Demus, Jörg (2011). Schumann: Complete Piano Works Disc.2. Nuova Era.
B000W99IPM, CD.

Kissin, Evgeny (2001). Schumann: Piano Sonata Op.11 & Carnaval Op.9. RCA.
0090266388523, CD.

Kobrin, Alexander (2014). Schumann: Carnaval Op. 9, Waldszenen Op. 82 &
Arabesque Op. 18. Centaur. 0044747336527, CD.

Cortot, Alfred (1991). Solo Piano Works by Schumann. Music & Arts. 0017685085826,
CD.

Cziffra, Gyorgy (2009). Schumann - Piano Works. Archipel Records. 4035122403862,
CD.

Argerich, Martha (2007). Schumann: Études symphoniques, Op. 13 & Carnaval Op.9.
EuroArts. 0880242554987, DVD.