過去文獻曾指出關係連結與利社會行為的關聯，卻鮮少檢視同理心在這兩者之間的關係。而本研究主要目的在於探討大學生社會連結感、同理心對利社會行為的預測與影響，並進一步檢驗同理心的三因子模型在社會連結感與利社會行為之間的中介效果。以台灣正就讀大一至大五的本國籍大學生作為研究對象，共638個有效樣本。研究方法採立意取樣搭配網路問卷填答，參與者共完成三份量表：「社會連結感量表修正版」、「成人基本同理心量表修正版」以及「成人利社會行為量表」。主要研究結果如下：1. 同理心的三向度「情緒感染」、「認知同理」與「情緒去連結」皆在大學生的性別上有顯著差異，且女性顯著高於男性；而社會連結感與利社會行為，則在大學生的性別與年級上均無顯著差異。2. 高社會連結感組的大學生在「同理心的認知同理」以及「利社會行為」上顯著高低社會連結感組。3. 大學生的「社會連結感」、「同理心的情緒感染」與「同理心的認知同理」皆能有效正向預測「利社會行為」。4. 大學生的社會連結感透過「同理心的認知同理」間接影響利社會行為，部分中介效果成立。最後，亦將提供大學生輔導與諮商及助人專業者相關的建議，並針對本研究的限制與未來方向進行討論。

Although correlational research has linked social connectedness with prosocial behavior, it is still unclear about the role of empathy between them. The aim of this study attempts to explore the relationship among social connectedness, empathy, and prosocial behaviors in college students. This research also examines the latest perspective of empathy from three dimensions (emotional contagion, cognitive empathy and emotional disconnection) and its mediate effects on social connectedness and prosocial behaviors. Participants of this study, 638 Taiwanese college students (N = 638), filled in on-line questionnaires of “Social Connectedness Scale Revised, SCS-R”, “The Basic Empathy Scale for Adult’s Revised, BES-AR” and “Scale for Adult’s Prosocialiness, SAP” and so on. The data was quantitatively analyzed through multiple hierarchical regression and bootstrapping methods. Results of this research showed female students all scored higher in the three dimensions of empathy than male students; however, there’s no significant gender and grade difference in social connectedness and prosocial behavior. The study also found students with higher degrees of social connectedness indicated significant difference in cognitive empathy and prosocial behavior. Furthermore, college students with social connectedness, empathy of emotional contagion and cognitive empathy can positively predict prosocial behaviors. To conclude, the relationship between social connectedness and prosocial behaviors was partially mediated by cognitive empathy. According to these findings, the study also provides further suggestions for future research directions and the practitioners.

中文文獻
江韋逸（2012）。國小高年級學童情緒智力、幸福感與同理心發展之探究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文，臺北市。
吳明隆（2015）：SPSS統計應用學習實務－問卷分析與應用統計。新北：易習圖書。
吳明隆、涂金堂（2005）：SPSS與統計應用分析（修訂版）。台北：五南出版。
李駱遜（1996）：利社會行為發展及其在幼兒教育上的應用。研習資訊，13（4），41-48。
林清湫（1998）。性別、年級、道德推理、同理心與國小學童利社會行為關係之研究。國立嘉義師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，嘉義市。
邵柏翰（2017）。愛情關係中依戀行為對利社會行為的預測：以同理心作為中介變項。國立臺北教育大學心理與諮商學系碩士論文，臺北市。
張添淵（2014）。大學生參與服務學習和利社會行為之相關。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文，臺南市。
教育部（2018）：大專校院在學學生數統計資料。取自於教育統計查詢網站：https://stats.moe.gov.tw/，2018年11月3日。
莊惠珺（2017）。探討利己和利社會行為對於大學生心理適應之影響。東吳大學心理系碩士論文，臺北市。
許碧真（2010）。父母教養行為對中高年級學童利社會行為之影響。國立中正大學心理學系暨研究所碩士論文，嘉義市。
許綾玲（2016）。青少年的民主父母管教、同理心與利社會行為之研究。大葉大學教育專業發展研究所碩士論文，台中市。
郭怡汎（2004）。屏東縣市國小普通班學童自我概念與利社會行為之相關研究。國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所，屏東縣。
陳玉敏、王文芳、張正辰（2002）：同理心之概念分析。慈濟護理雜誌，1（4），7-12。http://dx.doi.org/10.6974/TCNJ.200212.0007
陳淑菁（2016）。馬來西亞獨立中學學生服務學習態度、同理心與利社會行為之關係研究—以雪隆區為例。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所馬來西亞華文獨立中學教師在職進修學校行政碩士論文，彰化市。
黃一珍（2010）。國中生知覺父母教養方式、同理心與利社會行為之相關研究。國立嘉義大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文，嘉義市。
黃意舒（2001）：利社會行為。取自於國家教育研究院雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網站：http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1305462/，2018年07月12日。
詹惠雯（2014）。高雄市國中生依附關係、感恩與利社會行為之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系碩士論文，高雄市。
劉嘉玲（2015）。高職生同理心、手足關係與利社會行為之相關研究。國立嘉義大學師範學院輔導與諮商學系碩士論文，嘉義市。
歐芷貝（2014）。觀點轉換、他人取向、及利社會行為之關係。國立中正大學心理學研究所碩士論文，嘉義市。
潘怡如、李明濱（2004）：同理心的心身醫學觀。北市醫學雜誌，1（4），385-392。http://dx.doi.org/10.6200/TCMJ.2004.1.4.02
黎小甄（2012）。由資源分配探討大學生的利社會行為、同理心、個人集體主義傾向。國立中正大學心理學研究所碩士論文，嘉義市。
謝佩娟（2014）。慈濟大專青年利社會行為與主觀幸福感之研究。慈濟大學教育研究所碩士論文，花蓮市。
謝旻晏（2014）。高中職生同理心、自我效能、目標感與利社會行為傾向之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文，臺北市。
簡嘉盈（2011）。同儕對高中生利社會行為之影響：以同理心、友誼特性與同儕相似性為調節角色。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文，臺北市。
顏志龍、鄭中平（2016）：給論文寫作者的統計指南－傻瓜也會跑統計。台北：五南出版。
蘇春暉（2015）：關愛與自我形象目標對社會連結感的影響：正念與慈悲的中介效果。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文，臺北市。

英文文獻
Aknin, L. B., Van de Vondervoort, J. W., & Hamlin, J. K. (2017). Positive feelings reward and promote prosocial behavior. Current Opinion in Psyhchology, 20, 55-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.017
Alam, A., Rafique, R., & Anjum, A. (2016). The Dialogue, XI(2), 136-156.
Allen, J., Robbins, S. B., Casillas, A., & Oh, I. (2008). Third-year college retention and transfer: Effects of academic performance, motivation, and social connectedness. Journal of Higher Education, 49(7), 647-664. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ804937
Allot, R. (1992). Evolutionary aspects of love and empathy. Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems, 15(4), 353-370. DOI: 10.1016/1061-7361(92)90023-7
Armstrong, S., & Oomen-Early, J. (2010). Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus non-athletes. The Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 521-526. https://doi.org/10.3 200/JACH.57.5.521-526
Arslan, G. (2018). Psychological maltreatment, social Acceptance, social connectedness, and subjective well-being in adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, 19(4), 983-1001.
Baker, H. S., & Baker, M. N. (1978). Heinz Kohut’s self psychology: An overview. Retrieved from: http://icpla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Baker-H.-Heinz-Kohuts-Self-Psychology-An-Overview-1-9.pdf
Bar-Tal, D. (1976). Prosocial behavior: Theory and research. Washington D.C: Hemisphere.
Bar-Tal, D. (1982). Sequential development of helping behavior: A cognitive-learning approach. Developmental Review, 2(2), 101-124. DOI:10.1016/0273-2297 (82) 90006-5
Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: Helping when it costs you. Psychological Science, 17(4), 319-325. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.x
Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawerence Erlbaum.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Journal of Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.
Beaudette, M. Y. (2016, September 9th). National survey found students felt very lonely and so depressed that it was difficult to function. Retreived from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/university-loneliness-back-to-school-1.3753653
Blau, G., DiMino, J., DeMaria Jr., P. A., Beverly, C., Chessler, M., & Drennan Jr., B. (2016). Social connectedness and life satisfaction: Comparing mean levels for 2 undergraduate samples and testing for improvement based on brief counseling. Journal of American College Health, 64(8), 585-592. DOI:10.1080/07448481.2016.1207645
Blum, R. W., McNeely, C. A., & Reinhart, P. M. (2002). Improving the odds: The untapped power of schools to improve the health of teens. Minneapolis, ML: University of Minnesota Center for Adolescent Health and Development.
Bond, L., Butler, H., Thomas, L., Carlin, J., Glover, S., Bowes, G., Patton, G. (2007). Social and school connectedness in early secondary school as predictors of late teenage substance use, mental health, and academic outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(4), 357-363. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(4), 357- 363. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.10.013
Buchholz, E. S., & Catton, R. (1999). Adolescents' perceptions of aloneness and loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 34(133), 203-213.
Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1993). Early emotional instability, prosocial behaviour, and aggression: Some methodological aspects. European Journal of Personality, 7(1), 19-36. DOI: 10.1002/per.2410070103
Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., & Eisenberg, N. (2012). Prosociality: The contribution of traits, values, and self-efficacy beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1289-1303. DOI: 10.1037/a0025626
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., Bandura, A., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2000). Prosocial foundations of children's academic achievement. Journal of Psychological Science, 11(4), 302-306. DOI: 10. 1111/1467-9280.00260
Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Zelli, A., & Capanna, C. (2005). A new scale for measuring adults’ prosocialness. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 77-89. DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.77
Carlo, G., & Randall, B.A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 31-44.
Carré, A., Stefaniak, N., DʼAmbrosio, F., Bensalah, L., & Besche-Richard, C. (2013). The basic empathy scale in adults (BES-A): Factor structure of a revised form. Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 679-691. DOI: 10.1037/a0032297.
Chierchia, G., & Singer, T. (2017). The neuroscience of compassion and empathy and their link to prosocial motivation and behavior. Decision Science, 247-257. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-805308-9.00020-8
Chodorow, N. J. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. University of California Press.
Chodorow, N. J. (2000). The reflections on “the reproduction of mothering” twenty yeas later. Journal of Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 1(4), 337-348. DOI: 10.1080/15240650109349163
Cuff, B. M. P., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2014). Empathy: A review of the concept. Emotion Review, 8(2), 144-153. DOI: 10.1177/17540739145584 66
Cutrona, C. E. (1982). Transition to college: Loneliness and the process of social adjustment. In L. A. Peplau, & D. Pearlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and practice (pp. 291-309). New York, NY: Wiley Interscience.
Decety, J. (2010). The neurodevelopment of empathy in humans. Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 32(4), 257-267. DOI: 10.1159/000317771
Decety, J. (2011). Dissecting the neural mechanism mediating empathy. Emotion Review, 3(1), 92-108. DOI: 10.1177/1754073910374662
Decety, J. (2011a). The neuroevolution of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1231(1), 35-45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06027.x
Decety, J., & Keenan, J. P. (2006). Social neuroscience: A new journal. Social Neuroscience,1(1), 1-4. DOI: 10.1080/17470910600683549
Decety, J., & Svetlova, M. (2012). Putting together phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives on empathy. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(1), 1-24.
DeSteno, D., Bartlett, M. Y., Baumann, J., Williams, L. A., & Dickens, L. (2010). Gratitude as moral sentiment: emotion-guided cooperation in economic exchange. Emotion, 10(2), 289-293.
Duan, C., & Hill, C. E. (1996). The current state of empathy research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(3), 261-274. DOI:10.1037/0022-0167.43.3.261
Duru, E. (2008). The predictive analysis of adjustment difficulties from loneliness, social support, and social connectedness. Educational Sciences, 8(3), 849-856. Retreived from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ837769.pdf
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. DOI: 10.1111/jedm.12050
Herrera-López, M., Gómez-Ortiz, O., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Jolliffe, D., & Romera, E. M. (2016). Suitability of a three-dimensional model to measure empathy and its relationship with social and normative adjustment in Spanish adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 7(9), e015347. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015347.
Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1023/A:1014033032440
Hogan, R. (1969). Development of an empathy scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 307-316.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0027580
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationship and mortality risk: A meta-analysis review. PLoS, 7(7), e1000316. DOI:10.1371/ journal.pmed.1000316
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(New Series, No. 4865), p. 540-545. DOI:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.05. 003
Hunt, K., & Burns, S. (2017). Is there an association between social connectedness, social identity, alcohol consumption and mental health among young university students? Journal of Preventive Medicine, 7, 99-114. Retreived from https://file.scirp.org/pdf/OJPM_2017062713431197.pdf
Jorgenson, D. A., Farrell, L. C., Fudge, J. L., & Pritchard, A. (2018). Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 18(1), 75-95. DOI: 10.14434/josot l.v18i1.22371.
Kerbs, D. L. (1970). Altruism: An examination of the concept and a review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 73(4), 258-302. DOI: 10.1037/h0028987
Klimecki, O. M. (2015). The plasticity of social emotions. DOI: 10.1080/17470 919.2015.1087427
Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kohut, H. (1984). How does it cure? Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lamm, C., & Silani, G. (2014). Insights into collective emotions from the social neuroscience of empathy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659180.003.0005
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1995). Measuring belongingness: The social connectedness and the social assurance scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 232-241. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.232
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1998). The relationship between social connectedness and anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 45(3), 338-345. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01932.x
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (2000). Understanding social connectedness in college women and men. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(4), 108-115.
Lee, R. M., Dean, B. L., & Jung, K. (2008). Social connectedness, extraversion, and subjective well-being: Testing a mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(5), 414-419. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.017
Lee, R. M., Draper, M., Lee, S. (2001). Social connectedness, dysfunctional interpersonal behaviors, and psychological distress: Testing a mediator model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(3), 310-318. DOI: 10.1037/ 0022-0167.48.3.310
Lee, R. M., Keough, K. A., & Sexton, J. D. (2002). Social connectedness, social appraisal, and perceived stress in college women and men. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(3), 355-361. DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678. 2002.tb00200.x
Lieberman, M. D. (2013). Social: Why our brains are wired to connect. New York, NY: Crown.
Macrynikola, N., Miranda, R., & Soffer, A. (2017). Social connectedness, stressful life events, and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors among young adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 80,140-149. DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych. 2017. 09 .008.
Main, A., Walle, E. A., Kho, C. & Halpern, J. (2017). The interpersonal functions of empathy: A relational perspective show less. Emotion Review, 9(4), 358-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916669440
Martínez-Pampliega, A., Cormenzana, S., Sanz, M., Barni, D., Simon, J., Alomar, E., & Pérez, C. (2018). Metric goodness of the adult’s prosocialness scale. Comparative study of Italy and Spain. The Spainish Journal of Psychology, 21(E29), 1-10. DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2018.26
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. DOI: 10.1037/h0054346
McNeely, C., & Falci, C. (2009). School connectedness and the transition into and out of health‐risk behavior among adolescents: A comparison of social belonging and teacher support. Journal of School Health, 74(7), 284-292. DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2004.tb08285.x
Morelli, S. A., & Lieberman, M. D. (2013). The role of automaticity and attention in neural processes underlying empathy for happiness, sadness, and anxiety. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1-15. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00160
Neumann, D. L., Chan, R. C. K., Boyle, G. J., Wang, Y., Westbury, H. R. (2015). Measurements of Empathy: Self-report, behavioral, and neuroscientific approaches. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00010-3
Omoto, A. M., & Packard, C. D. (2016). The power of connections: Psychological sense of community as a predictor of volunteerism. Journal of Social Psychology, 156(3), 272-290. DOI: 10.1080/002245 45.2015. 1105777
Pavey, L., Greitemeyer, T., Sparks, P. (2011). Highlighting relatedness promotes procial motives and behavior. Personal Social Psychological Bulletin, 37(7), 905-917. DOI: 10.1177/0146167211405994
Rameson, L. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2009). Empathy: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(1), 94-110. DOI: 0.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00154.x
Rogers, C.R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Oxford, England: Houghton Mifflin.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
Seppala, E. M. (2014). The power & science of social connection. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZvUppaDfNs
Seppala, E. M., Hutcherson, C. A., Nguyen, D. T. H., Doty, J. R., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Loving-kindness meditation: A tool to improve healthcare provider compassion, resilience, and patient care. Journal of Compassionate Health Care, 1(1), 1-5. DOI: 10.1186/s40639-014-0005-9
Seppala, E. M., Timothy, R., & Doty, R. (2013). Social connection and compassion: Important predictors of health and well-being. Social Research, 80(2), 411-430.
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., Bartels, J. M. (2007). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 56-66.
Walton, G. M., Cohen, G. L., Cwir, D., & Spencer, S. J. (2012). Mere belonging: The power of social connections. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(3), 513-532. DOI: 10.1037/a0025731
Williams, K. L., & Galliher, R. V. (2006). Predicting depression and self-esteem from social connectedness, support, and competence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(8), 855-874. DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.855
Wispe, L. G. (1972). Positive forms of social behavior: An overview. Journal of Social Issues, 28(3), 1-19. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972. tb00029.x
Yeh, C. J., & Inose, M. (2003). International students' reported English fluency, social support satisfaction, and social connectedness as predictors of acculturative stress. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16(1), 15-28. DOI: 10.1080/0951 507031000114058
Yoon, E., Hacker, J., Hewitt, A., Abrams, M., & Cleary, S. (2011). Social connectedness, discrimination, and social status as mediators of acculturation/enculturation and well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(1), 86-96. DOI: 10.1037/a0025366