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Author: 黃慕怡
Huang, Mu-Yi
Thesis Title: 遺忘的權利:從反紀念碑的記憶工事探討《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》
The Right of Forgetting: Analyzing Denkmal für die Ermordeten Juden Europas Through the Memory-work of Anti-memorials and Counter-monuments
Advisor: 楊永源
Yang, Yung-Yuan
陳貺怡
Chen, Kuang-Yi
Degree: 博士
Doctor
Department: 美術學系
Department of Fine Arts
Thesis Publication Year: 2019
Academic Year: 107
Language: 中文
Number of pages: 341
Keywords (in Chinese): 反紀念碑紀念碑性創傷記憶工事歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑
Keywords (in English): Anti-memorial, Counter-monument, Monumentality, Memory-work, Memorial to Murdered Jews of Europe
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU201901100
Thesis Type: Academic thesis/ dissertation
Reference times: Clicks: 164Downloads: 56
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  • 「反紀念碑」作為1980年代以來對抗官方歷史、反思紀念傳統的藝術類型,隨著西方國家以之為策略來處理社會爭議,引發對過去集體創傷的公開辯論與文化紀念的需求。本論文考察德國柏林《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》從無到有的創造過程,說明反紀念碑如何在牴觸輿論的情況下提供紀念的新途徑。

    首先,本文探索反紀念碑的定義、類型及目的,回顧德國過往「紀念碑化」的進程-借助Pierre Nora、James E. Young等學者所謂的「記憶工事」,觀眾面對幾乎被遺忘的事物而意識到記憶的責任。《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》起初目標在於記住大浩劫受難者,但是爭議的提案與曲折的評選過程顯示德國記憶文化隱含了罪責、創傷與焦慮,使得這座紀念碑成為困惑人心的地點,德人似乎傾向於為自己而不是猶太受害者而哀悼。因此,最初的意圖被扭曲了。

    另一方面,本研究也由造形美學角度來探討觀眾的空間體驗及作品的美學隱喻,並藉由物質與空無關係互動提出紀念碑化的概念模型,解釋反紀念碑如何處於記憶與遺忘的張力之間。《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》試圖鼓勵觀眾以身體感知去代替符號象徵,企圖活化個人記憶、開啟對大浩劫事件的感情並以想像去同理受難邊緣群體痛苦的記憶。

    最後,本文也將眼光拉遠至區域性與跨國界的記憶脈絡,綜合上述認識評估「反紀念碑」多樣的類型應用於當代記憶工事的潛力。透過這一牽涉廣泛的個案研究,將更深入地認識記憶保存的物質化傳統之優劣,並且能更加了解「反紀念碑」的記憶工事如何揭示昔日不被看見的、以及曾被遺忘的過去

    “Counter-monuments or anti-memorials” are a genre of art in opposition to the official history of a state. First gaining prominence in the 1980’s, they reflect both on the ideas underlying commemorative traditions per se, and also on the traditional monuments of a nation. The West adopted this concept as a strategic move in coping with social controversies, thereby triggering an open debate on past collective trauma in addition to arousing a need for cultural commemoration. The study examines the creation of the work Denkmal für die Ermordeten Juden Europas in Berlin, and illustrates the manner in which counter-monuments or anti-memorials provide a commemorative alternative regardless of mainstream public recognition.

    Firstly, this thesis explores the definition, classification and objectives of counter-monuments, reviewing the “monumentalizing” movement in Germany, which was instrumental in the introduction of the idea of “memory-work” as theorized by Pierre Nora and James E. Young. Casting light on almost-forgotten fading memories, such work reminds viewers that their responsibility is to bear in mind what truly matters. Although the monument was supposedly established as a memorial for the victims of the Holocaust, the controversial design and subsequent assessments indicated the emotions behind German commemorative cultures: those of traumatic guilt and overwhelming anxiety. These feelings made this monument a perplexing place where Germans, immersed in a disheartening atmosphere, tended to mourn themselves instead of Jewish victims. Consequently, the original intention was distorted.

    In addition, the study investigates the aesthetic metaphors behind the work as well as the spatial experiences of viewers from the point of view of stylistic aesthetics. From material and void, a monumentalizing model can be constructed to explain how counter-monuments can balance the tension between remembering and forgetting. The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe was designed to encourage people to trust their embodied senses rather than idiomatic symbols. This functioned to bring to life memories deeply buried within suffering minds, enabling them to empathize with the agony of marginalized groups, picturing the full horror of the Holocaust,

    Finally, in determining whether the concept of the counter-monuments or anti-memorial may be potentially applied to contemporary memory-works, this study further combines and compares both regional and international memory contexts. Through a wider range of case studies, the highly materialized tendency underlying memory-conservation is evaluated, thus ensuring that memory works featuring the concept of the counter-monument or anti-memorial uncover a significant past event never before seen or now long-forgotten.

    緒 論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究的重要性與定位 6 第三節 研究目的與問題 11 第四節 研究範圍與限制 13 第五節 研究方法 15 第一章 反紀念碑的基礎概念 22 第一節 反紀念碑的來源與定義 22 第二節 反紀念碑與紀念碑的差異 39 第三節 反紀念碑作為去除紀念碑性的紀念物 44 第四節 反紀念碑的類型 60 第五節 James E. Young對於反紀念碑的解讀 76 小 結 反紀念碑處於歷史過渡階段 92 第二章 反紀念碑與記憶文化之爭議 96 第一節 紀念碑終結時代下的記憶工事 98 第二節 德國記憶文化的形成 107 第三節 德國創傷記憶紀念碑化的過程 122 第四節 大浩劫記憶與再現的限制 141 小 結 反紀念碑因應記憶危機而產生 153 第三章 反紀念碑作為空白的記憶 156 第一節 反紀念碑呈現的抗拮記憶與哀悼 157 第二節《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》的製造與懊悔文化 166 第三節《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》落選提案中的記憶空白 191 小 結 《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》顯示集體記憶之焦慮 203 第四章 反紀念碑的空間體驗與意義 206 第一節 反紀念碑形式的空無與存有 207 第二節 反紀念碑化的過程與美學化的危機 231 第三節 《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》的美學空間 252 小 結 《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》的空間隱喻 266 第五章 《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》開啟記憶的再對話 269 第一節 《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》作為對話式紀念碑 270 第二節 《歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑》開啟跨時空的對話 290 結論 307 參考書目 314 附錄 附錄一 紀念碑詞彙釋義比較表 336 附錄二 猶太大浩劫相關事件年表 338 附錄三 歐洲猶太人受難者紀念碑大事紀 340 表目錄 表一 反紀念碑的類型與特徵 76 表二 依紀念碑性分類之反紀念碑類型 94 表三 大浩劫紀念碑建造意見與遺忘的關係 188

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    陳恆編。《新史學第8輯 納粹屠猶:歷史與記憶》。鄭州:大象出版社,2007。
    陳香君。《紀念之外: 228事件、創傷與性別差異的美學》。台北市:典藏出版社,2014。
    曾國棟。《台灣的碑碣》,台北縣:遠足文化,2003。

    二、學位論文
    Adams, Tim, The Eisenman-Deleuze Fold. Architectural. BA thesis. The University of Auckland.1993.
    林惠玟。《具變動力量的集體性文化資產:論標注性事件紀念物之紀念性意涵》。國立成功大學建築學系研究所博士論文。2008。

    三、報章期刊論文
    (一)西文部分
    Baptist, Karen Wilson. ‘Shades of Grey: The Role of the Sublime in the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe’. Landscape Review 14:2 .2012. 75-85.
    Bellentani, Federico and Panico, Mario, ‘The meanings of monuments and memorials: toward a semiotic approach’, Punctum, International journal of semiotics 2 (1). 2016 : 28-46.
    Brody, Richard. “The Inadequacy of Berlin's “Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe”. The New Yorker. 12 July, 2012.
    Christiane C. and George R. Collins. ‘Monumentality: A Critical Matter in Modern Architecture’. Harvard Architectural Review, Vol. 4 .Spring, 1984: 15-35.
    Cruickshank , Alan. “Tyranny of consensus: Who Put Public in Public Art and why do they think they own it?” Broadsheet. v 32 no.2. 2008.12-15
    Daniel Abramson. “Maya Lin and the 1960s: monuments, time line and minimalism”. Critical Inquiry 22 (4) 679 -709.
    Danto, Arthur C. “Vietnam Veterans Memorial ”.The Nation. August 31. 1985.152-155.
    --- “Mute Point”. The Nation, 281(12), 2005. 40–44.
    Federico Bellentani & Mario Panic. “The meanings of monuments and memorials: toward a semiotic approach”. Punctum, 2(1).2016. 28-46.
    Gass, William. ‘Monumentality, mentality’, Oppositions. 25 (fall, 1982).
    Gerd Knischewski and Ulla Spittler. “Remembering the Berlin Wall: The Wall Memorial Ensemble Bernaur Strasse”. German Life and Letters 59:2 .April 2006. 281-293.
    Grenzer, Elke. “the Topographies of Memory in Berlin: the Neue Wache and the Memorial for the Murdered. Jews of Europe. Canadian Journal of Urban Research Vol. 11, No. 1, Space, Place and the Culture of Cities: Special Issue .Summer 2002. 93-110.
    Hagopian, Patrick. “The Korean War Veterans Memorial and Problems of Repreaentation”, Public Art Dialogue. Vol.2. Issue 2. September 2012. 215-253.
    Harris, Cecily, "German Memory of the Holocaust: The Emergence of Counter-Memorials," Penn History Review: Vol. 17,. : Issue. 2 , Article 3. 2010.
    Haskins, E. and J. DeRose, “memory, visibility and public space: reflections on commemoration(s) of 9/11”. Space and Culture. 6 (4). 377-393.
    Hetzler, Florence M. "The Aesthetics of Ruins: A New Category of Being," Journal of Aesthetic Education. Vol. 16, No. 2 . Summer, 1982. 105-108.
    Cotter, Holland. “David Smith's Anti-Medals”..New York Times. Jan. 6, 1995. Page 00065.
    Huyssein, Andreas."Monument and memory in postmodern age",The art of memory: Holocaust memorials in history , New York: The Jewish Museum.1994. 9-16.
    Hubbard, Willliam. “A meaning for monuments” . Public Interest 74. 1984.
    Judy Barsalou and Victoria Baxter. ‘The Urge to Remember: The Role of Memorials in Social Reconstruction and Transitional Justice’. Stabilization and Reconstruction Series. No.5, JANUARY 2007. 1-24.
    Kansteiner,Wulf. “Finding meaning in memory: A methodological critique of collective memory. History and Theory Vol. 41. No. 2 May, 2002.179-197.
    Kinzer, Stephen. “Berlin Given Unusual Idea For a Holocaust Memorial”. The New York Time, January 28, 1996. on Page 1001006.
    Knischewski , Gerd and Spittler, Ulla. “Remembering the Berlin Wall: The Wall Memorial Ensemble Bernaur Strasse”. German Life and Letters 59:2 . April 2006. 280-293.
    Krauss, Rosalind E. “Sculpture in the Expanded Field.” October. Vol. 8. Spring, 1979: 30-44.
    Lüdtke, Alf. “‘Coming to Terms with the Past’: Illusions of Remembering, Ways of Forgetting Nazism in West Germany.” The Journal of Modern History. Vol. 65, no. 3. 1993. 542–572.
    Lupu, Noam,” Memory Vanished, Absent, and Confined: The Countermemorial Project in 1980s and 1990s Germany”. History and Memory. Vol. 15, No. 2 Fall/Winter 2003.130-164.
    Massicotte, Claudie.” Une mémoire gravée dans le béton, parcours entre les stèles du mémorial aux juifs assassinés d’europe de Peter Eisenman” . Meridian Critic 18, no. 1 2011. 229-242.
    Michael Kimmelman. “Out of Minimalism, Monuments to Memory”. New York Times. Art/ Architecture. 2002 Jan 13. page 2002001.
    Muenzer, Clarks. “Wandering Among Oblisks: Goethe and the Idea of the Monument”. Modern Language Studies. Vol. 31. No. 1, Spring, 2001. 5-34.
    Nora, Pierre. "Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire". Representations. No. 26. Special Issue: Memory and Counter-Memory. Spring, 1989. 7-24.
    Range, Peter Ross. "A Monument-Museum in the Holocaust Center" The Washington Post . February 14 1997. A21
    Riegl, Aloïs. ''The Modern Cult of Monuments: Its Character and Its Origin,'' trans. Kurt W. Forster and Diane Ghirardo. Oppositions, no. 25 Fall 1982, 21-51.
    Stevens, Quentin; Franck, Karen A.; Fazakerley, Ruth. “Counter-monuments: the anti-monumental and the dialogic. ”Journal of Architecture. Dec. 2012. Vol. 17 Issue 6. 951-972.
    Strakosch, Elizabeth. Counter-Monuments and Nation-Building in Australia.", Peace Review. Jul-Sep 2010, Vol. 22 Issue 3. 268-275.
    Verschaffel, Bart. “The monumental: On the meaning of a Form”, Journal of Architecture, Vol. 4 . Winter, 1999. 333-336.
    Young, James E. “Berlin's Holocaust Memorial: A Report to the Bundestag Committee on Media and Culture 3 March 1999” . German Politics & Society, vol. 17, no. 3 (52). 1999. 54–70.
    ---. ‘The counter-monument: Memory against itself in Germany today’, Critical Inquiry, 18, no. 2. 1992. 267-296.
    ---. ‘Germany’s Memorial Question: Memory, Counter Memory, and the End of the Monument’. The South Atlantic Quarterly. vol 96. No. 4. Fall. 1997: 853-880.
    ---.” The memorial’s arc: Between Berlin’s Denkmal and New York City’s 9/11 Memorial”. Memory Studies. Volume 9. Issue: 3. 2016. 325-331

    (二)中文部分
    Pollock, Griselda著 、倪明萃譯。〈創傷年代的美學感同與見證〉《藝術學研究》(8),2011。頁73-126。
    范盛保。〈猶太人大屠殺進程及轉型正義-以審判及成立紀念館為例〉《台灣國際研究季刊》第八卷第一期。2012年春季號,頁133-48。
    徐玉茗。〈理察·Richard Serra雕塑作品-場域及空間定位探討〉《雕塑研究》第六期。2011.09,頁1-13。

    四、電子資源
    ‘Denkmäler am Dammtor, Sehenswürdigkeiten am Dammtor-Bahnhof’. HAMBURG. DE. n.d. <https://www.hamburg.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten-denkmaeler/4356444/dammtor-denkmaeler/>(2018-10-04點閱)
    “ Visual Essay: Holocaust Memorials and Monuments”. Facing History and Ourselves. 2018. <https://www.facinghistory.org/holocaust-and-human-behavior/chapter-11/visual-essay-holocaust-memorials-and-monuments > (2018-12-30點閱)
    “Cleopatra's Needle”. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2013. < https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2013/cleopatras-needle >(2018-2-12點閱)
    “Das Denkmal für die Terroropfer in Berlin”. <https://www.swp.de/politik/inland/so-sieht-das-denkmal-fuer-die-terroropfer-in-berlin-aus-24361304.html>(2018-2-10點閱)
    “Irresistible Decay: Ruins Reclaimed ” . The Getty Center . <http://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/irresistible_decay/> (2015-09-30點閱)
    “Irresistible Decay: Ruins Reclaimed ” . The Getty Center . <http://www.getty.edu/research/exhibitions_events/exhibitions/irresistible_decay/> (2015-09-30點閱)
    “Maya Lin’s original proposal”. Vietnam Veteran Memorial Fund n.d.< http://www.vvmf.org/maya-lin-design-submission >(2018-10-1點閱)
    “Memorial .Oxford Dictionaries< https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/memorial>(2016-9-22點閱)
    “The Wall That Heals: Mobile Exhibit”.The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund . 2019. <http://www.vvmf.org/twth>(2019-01-03點閱)
    ” Remembrance Day”< https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%AE%A4%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%97%A5>(2018-11-14點閱)
    ”Obelisco Transportable”. Public Art Fund. <https://www.publicartfund.org/view/exhibitions/5838_obelisco_transportable>(2018-2-11點閱)
    Adi Gordon and Amos Goldberg Excerpt from interview with Professor James E. Young.” Holocaust Monuments And Counter-Monuments”. Shoah Resource Center. The International School for Holocaust Studies. May 24 1998. < https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203659.pdf>
    Barassi, Sebastiano.’The Modern Cult of Replicas: A Rieglian Analysis of Values in Replication’. Tate’s Online Research Journal 2007. <https://www.tate.org.uk/download/file/fid/7325> (2018-11-14點閱)
    Bibliographisches Institut GmbH, “Baudenkmal”, 2018 <https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/Baudenkmal>(2018-12-28點閱)
    Bolius,Heike and Zoppke, Kornelia. The Culture and Media Policy of the German Federal Government. Berlin: The Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, 2014 < https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/997532/768672/279dcc8045bc33aa25a1c9779153114f/2014-11-06-english-summary-data.pdf?download=1 >(2017-12-21點閱)
    Brody, Richard. “The Inadequacy of Berlin's “Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe” . The New Yorker. 12 July, 2012 <https://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/the-inadequacy-of-berlins-memorial-to-the-murdered-jews-of-europe> (2019-2-12)
    Catesby Leigh,"Anti-Monument:The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and its legacy"<https://criticalread.atavist.com/anti-monument?preview> n.d.(2019-2-11點閱)
    Clark, Dayton. "Memorial to the mursered Jews of Europe- reading response", Wordpress<https://2017arth4919.wordpress.com/2017/05/12/memorial-to-the-murdered-jews-of-europe-reading-response/> (2019-2-13)
    Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends < https://www.culturalpolicies.net/web/compendium.php/ >
    Cooke, “Richard Serra: Torqued Ellipse”. http://www.diabeacon.org/exhibis/serra/ellipses/index.html
    Craven, Jackie,“The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe”. archjourney.org. 2017. <http://archjourney.org/projects/memorial-to-the-murdered-jews-of-europe/>(2018-4-15點閱)
    Dani Karavan” <https://www.stiftung-denkmal.de/en/memorials/sinti-and-roma-memorial/dani-karavan.html>(2019-1-4點閱)
    Eisenman, Peter (2005a) Interview with C Hawley and N Tenberg. Spiegel Online International.<www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel-interview-with-holocaustmonument-architect-peter-eisenman-how-long-does-one-feel-guilty-a-355252.html>
    Excerpts from Speech by German President’ May 9. 1985. Page 00020. <https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/09/world/excerpts-from-speech-by-german-president.html>
    Frances, Stonor Saunders. ‘How ruins reveal our deepest fears and desires’. The Guardian. Culture. 2014 Mar 07. <http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/mar/07/ruins-exhibition-tate-britain-decay> (2015-09-27點閱)
    Gavin Lucas. Concrete Modernity. < http://ruinmemories.org/2013/06/concrete-modernity/> (2015-04-09點閱)
    Germany. Parliament. Resolution of the German Parliament on the Memorial to the Muderres Jews of Europe, June 25, 1999. <https://www.holocaust-denkmal-berlin.de/index.php?id=44&L=1>(2019-2-11點閱)
    Gray, R. “Lecture Notes: Freud, The Uncanny”.2009. <http://courses.washington.edu/freudlit/Uncanny.Notes.html>(2016-12-27)
    Hollander, Jason. "Peter Eisenman, Architecture'60, Designs New Holocaust Memorial in Berlin". Columbia News. July 10, 2003 <www.columbia.edu/cu/news/03/07/peterEisenman.html>(2017-4-15點閱)
    International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, ICOMOS. <https://www.icomos.org/charters/charters.pdf>
    “Introduction to the Holocaust”< https://www.un.org/en/holocaustremembrance/PDF/Introduction%20to%20the%20Holocaust.pdf >
    James E. Young. “Horst Hoheisel's Counter-memory of the Holocaust: The End of the Monument”. University of Minnesota. <http://chgs.umn.edu/museum/memorials/hoheisel/>(2016-08-26點閱)
    Jonathan Vickery. “ The Past and Possible Future of Countermonument”, ixia, the public art think tank. 2012. <http://www.publicartonline.org.uk/downloads/news/IXIA_Countermonument_Final.pdf>
    Jones, Jonathon. “Ruin Lust at Tate Britain review :a brilliant but bonkers exhibition'. The Guardian. <http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/mar/03/ruin-lust-tate-britain-review-art-building>(2014-12-28點閱)
    Joshua Synenko. “The Remainders of Memory: Berlin’s Postnational Aesthetic”<http://drainmag.com/the-remainders-of-memory-berlins-postnational-aesthetic/>(2015-08-31點閱)
    Kleerebezem, Jouke. “The post monumental image: On Enduring Visibility in the Network Society”. Open! Platform for performance, Art, Culture and Public Domain. 2005.< https://www.onlineopen.org/the-post-monumental-image>(2017-10-21點閱)
    MarkusKöhlerBerlin, “Ein Gespräch mit Maria Nooke, Stellvertretende Direktorin der Stiftung Berliner Maue”, 2012. 8. 29 <http://www.tunnelfluchten.de/interview/nooke.html>(2018-11-26點閱)
    McKinley, Eric Garcia .“Berlin’s adequate memorial to the murdered Jew of Europe” Everyday Historian, March 23, 2015 <https://everydayhistorian.wordpress.com/2015/03/23/berlins-adequate-memorial-to-the-murdered-jews-of-europe/>(2018-8-6點閱)
    Memorial to the Murdered Members of the Reichstag< https://www.memorialmuseums.org/eng/staettens/view/1421/Memorial-to-the-Murdered-Members-of-the-Reichstag)>(2018-11-24點閱)
    Monument/Anti-Monument Conference Puts Public Sculpture In The Spotlight — Stephanie Zimmerman. 2014 .<http://kavigupta.com/press/monumentanti-monument-conference-puts-public-sculpture-in-the-spotlight/>(2015-10-21點閱)
    Moreno, Catalina Mejía. “The “Corporeality” of the Image in Walter Gropius’ Monumentale Kunst und Industriebau Lecture”. Intermédialités Issue24–25, Automne, 2014 < https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/im/2014-n24-25-im02279/1034165ar/> (2018-9-30點閱)
    NicGhabhann, Niamh. ‘Do monument matter? ‘, Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Nov, 11, 2017.< https://www.rte.ie/eile/brainstorm/2017/1127/923068-do-monuments-matter/>(2018-11-28)
    Perrotin, Courtesy. “ ELMGREEN & DRAGSET View of the exhibition " at Tiergarten Berlin (Germany). 2008. <https://www.perrotin.com/artists/Elmgreen_et_Dragset/32/view-of-the-exhibition-denkmal-fur-die-im-nationalsozialismus-verfolgten-homosexuellen-at-tiergarten-berlin-germany-2008/1000001012#images >(2019-2-10點閱)
    Schiller, Friedrich von. “Letters upon the Æsthetic Education of ManLetter II” . Blackmask Online ( 2002):3 < http://public-library.uk/ebooks/55/76.pdf>
    “Sinti und Roma Denkmal”. < https://www.berlin.de/sehenswuerdigkeiten/3561926-3558930-sinti-und-roma-denkmal.html >
    Stocker, Mark. “Public Monument”. Grove Art Online. 2003 . <https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T059390>(2016- 10-14點閱)
    Sommer, Brinda. Gesellschaftliches Erinnern an den Nationalsozialisms: Stolpersteine wider das Vergessen, Mitteilungen und Berichte aus dem Institut für Museumsforschung. (Berlin: Institut für Museums forschung Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 2007), < http://www.smb.museum/ifm/dokumente/mitteilungen/ MIT041.pdf.>
    Synenko, Joshua. “The Remainders of Memory: Berlin’s Postnational Aesthetic”
    The Charnel-House, < https://thecharnelhouse.org/2014/03/17/someone-is-buried-here-adolf-loos-on-architecture-and-death/ >(2018-11-20)
    The Holocaust Memorial Reviews: Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe ”. Tripadvisor <https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Attraction_Review-g187323-d617423-Reviews-The_Holocaust_Memorial_Memorial_to_the_Murdered_Jews_of_Europe-Berlin.html>(2019-4-10點閱)
    V. P. Tolstoi. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979),The Gale Group, Inc., 2010< https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Monumental+Art>(2017-10-14點閱)
    Vujičić, Lejla, “Interview with Architecture: Case of Richard Serra”, Contemporary achievements in civil engineering 2018 <http://www.gf.uns.ac.rs/~zbornik/doc/NS2018.61.pdf>
    Wall Goes Up in Berlin, Events of 1961- Year in Review. UPI.com.1998-05-29< https://www.upi.com/Archives/Audio/Events-of-1961/Wall-Goes-Up-in-Berlin >(2018-2-0點閱)
    張百路編譯,呂榮輝校稿。大衛之星的由來(Star of David)。譯自www.aish.com. 2015< http://biblegeography.holylight.org.tw/index/specialArticle_detail?s_id=52 >(2018-11-30點閱)
    陳郴。〈克服過去:柏林歐洲猶太人大屠殺紀念碑的歷史啟思〉,《思想》,第5期(2007)< https://www.ea.sinica.edu.tw/Content_Forum_Page.aspx?pid=16&uid=63&cid=35>(2018-10-28點閱)
    賴賢宗。〈論 “藝術與空間”的造形藝術美學及其對老子思想的發揮〉《蘭州學刊》2015年第1期 < https://news.artron.net/20171130/n971803.html >(2018-12-29點閱)
    謝沁霓。〈是救贖,還是遺忘?「歐洲受難猶太人紀念碑」的難題〉《人籟論辨月刊》五月號,第82期,2011<http://www.erenlai.com/tw/item/4539-2014-02-16-10-15-07.html>(2016-12-01點閱)

    六、影音資料
    Masemann, Alison and Linzey. The Current's. CBC Radio, Toronto, Aug 10, 2018.
    Israeli president visits Germany's new Holocaust memorial. Associated Press, 2005. Associated Press Video Collection. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com.
    WRAP Inauguration of Holocaust Memorial. Associated Press, 2005. Associated Press Video Collection. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com.

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