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Author: 洪瑞嬪
Thesis Title: 錄音先聲:蓋斯柏格的錄音理念與影響
Advisor: 黃均人
Degree: 碩士
Master
Department: 音樂學系
Department of Music
Thesis Publication Year: 2012
Academic Year: 100
Number of pages: 138
Keywords (in Chinese): 蓋斯柏格卡路索聲音記錄史錄音唱片
Thesis Type: Academic thesis/ dissertation
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  • 錄音工業的興起,逐步地影響了音樂聆賞方式以及音樂家演出、創作型態,然而,是什麼原因造成錄音工業開始繁盛呢?雷布瑞希特(Norman Lebrecht, 1948)的《古典音樂的生與死》(The Life and Death of Classical Music: Featuring the 100 Best and 20 Worst Recordings Ever Made)一書中認為:聲音記錄史的開端並非始於愛迪生(Thomas Alva Edison, 1847-1931)這位留聲機發明者,也並非唱片的創造者貝里納(Emile Berliner, 1851-1929),而是源於卡路索(Enrico Caruso, 1873-1921)。或者,必須更確切地說,是因為1902年卡路索在米蘭錄製的那一組唱片,造成錄音工業日後的繁盛,並且使得卡路索成為第一位名揚國際的音樂家。而根據傑拉特(Roland Gelatt, 1920)在《神奇的留聲機》(The Fabulous Phonograph: From Tin Foil to High Fidelity)一書中提及,卡路索在1902年所錄製的唱片,在音質上為「第一張令人滿意的唱片錄音」,也許,這才是造成卡路索縱橫國際音樂市場的主要原因。
    但是,是誰錄製這張唱片?又是誰決定聘請卡路索參與錄製呢?看到卡路索為唱片工業所帶來的效益,以及1902年之後演奏者們藉由唱片獲得國際知名度的成果之下,鮮少人思考這個問題,遺忘了這位幕後推手─弗萊德‧蓋斯柏格(Fred Gaisberg, 1873-1951),一位將自己幾乎畢生的心力,皆奉獻給唱片工業的錄音師與經理人。這亦使得筆者思索,現今的愛樂者,或許對於卡路索、自己所喜愛演奏者的唱片如數家珍,也許對於某些演奏者的傳奇經歷知之甚詳,但對於蓋斯柏格這位幕後工作者,是否依然如此?本文便是依此為出發點,探索這位唱片工業中著名的錄音師與經理人,他的經歷、錄音理念、所製作的唱片,以及他的影響。

    第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究範圍與內容 3 第三節 文獻探討 4 第二章 古典音樂錄音之父─蓋斯柏格(Fred Gaisberg, 1873-1951) 9 第一節 於留聲機公司服務之前(1873-1898) 9 第二節 於留聲機公司之前期生涯(1898-1925) 13 第三節 於留聲機公司之後期與退休生涯(1925-1951) 20 第三章 聲音記錄史 25 第一節 1877-1939年聲音記錄史背景 25 壹、唱片工業以及錄音技術的演進 25 貳、唱片錄製方式 34 第二節 蓋斯柏格的錄音理念 40 第四章 蓋斯柏格的影響 53 第一節 對於公司產業 53 壹、蓋斯柏格之於貝里納以及留聲機公司 53 貳、蓋斯柏格錄製以及製作的經典唱片 57 第二節 與音樂人的情誼 71 第三節 對於音樂發展 86 壹、關於東方 86 貳、關於音樂家 97 第五章 結論 109 參考書目 113 附錄:蓋斯柏格錄音、製作唱片目錄 121

    一、書籍
    壹、外文
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    ________. Man and Mask: Forty Years in the Life of a Singer. Translated by Phyllis Megroz. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1932.

    Chanan, Michael. Repeated Takes: A Short History of Recording and its Effects on Music. London; New York: Verso, 1995.

    Cone, John Frederick. Adelina Patti: Queen of Hearts. Portland, Or.: Amadeus Press, c1993.

    Corredor, Josep Maria. Conversations With Casals. New York: Dutton, c1956.

    Crimp, Bryan. Dear Mr. Rosenthal ... Dear Mr. Gaisberg ... An Account of the Making of Moriz Rosenthal's HMV Recordings, Compiled From the Correspondence of the Pianist and His Record Producer, Fred Gaisberg. London: Travis and Emery Music Bookshop, 2009.

    Day, Timothy. A Century of Recorded Music: Listening to Musical History. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 2000.

    Douglas, Nigel. More Legendary Voices. New York: Limelight Editions, 1995.

    Eisenberg, Evan. The Recording Angel: Music, Records and Culture From Aristotle to Zappa. 2nd ed. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 2005.

    Gaisberg, Fred. The Music Goes Round. New York: Arno Press, 1977.

    ________. Music on Record. London: R. Hale, 1947.

    Gelatt, Roland. The Fabulous Phonograph: From Tin Foil to High Fidelity. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1955.

    Gronow, Pekka and Ilpo Saunio. An International History of the Recording Industry.
    Translated by Christopher Moseley. New York: Cassell, 1998.

    Kennedy, Michael. Portrait of Elgar. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

    Lebrecht, Norman. The Life and Death of Classical Music: Featuring the 100 Best and 20 Worst Recordings Ever Made. New York: Anchor, 2007.

    Martland, Peter. Since Records Began: EMI, the First 100 Years. London: Batsford, 1997.

    Millard, Andre. America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

    Mitchell, Mark and Allan Evans. Moriz Rosenthal in Word and Music: A Legacy of the Nineteenth Century. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, c2006.

    Moore, Jerrold Northrop. A Voice in Time: The Gramophone of Fred Gaisberg,1873-1951. London: Hamish Hamilton, c1976.

    ________. Elgar: A Life in Photographs. London: Oxford University Press, 1988.

    ________. Elgar on Record: The Composer and the Gramophone. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.

    Moore, Jerrold Northrop. Sound Revolutions. London: Sanctuary Publishing, 1999.

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    Philip, Robert. Performing Music in the Age of Recording. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.

    Sachs, Harvey. Arthur Rubinstein. London: Phoenix, 1997.

    ________. Virtuoso: The Life and Art of Niccolo Paganini, Franz Liszt, Anton Rubinstein, Ignace Jan Paderewski, Fritz Kreisler, Pablo Casals, Wanda Landowska, Vladimir Horowitz, Glenn Gould. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1982.

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    Steane, J. B. The Grand Tradition: Seventy Years of Singing on Record. Portland, Or.: Amadeus Press, 1993.

    Wallich, Isabella. Recording my Life: With Elgar, Chaliapin, Caballe, von Karajan, Furtwangler, Mountbatten and Menuhin. London: Sanctuary, c2001.

    Welch, Walter L and Leah Brodbeck Stenzel Burt. From Tinfoil to Stereo: The Acoustic Years of the Recording Industry, 1877-1929. Florida: University Press of Florida,
    1994.

    貳、中文
    Caruso, Dorothy. 《我的她─卡羅素》(Enrico Caruso: His Life and Death). 吳曉峘 譯。臺北:樂友書房,1965。

    Chaliapin, Fyodor Ivanovich. 《面罩與心靈:劇場生涯四十年》(Man and Mask: Forty Years in the Life of a Singer). 田大畏 譯。瀋陽:遼寧教育出版社,1999。

    Corredor, Josep Maria.《卡薩爾斯的一生:大師話談錄》(Pablo Casals Cuenta Su Vida Conversaciones Con el Maestro). 梅玫 譯。臺北市:世界文物,1995。

    Jone, Andrew F. 《留聲中國:摩登音樂文化的形成》(Media Culture and Colonial Modernity in the Chinese Jazz Age). 宋偉航 譯。臺北市:台灣商務印書館,
    2004。

    Mundy, Simon. 《偉大作曲家羣像:艾爾加》(Elgar). 黃幸華 譯。臺北市:智庫出版,1996。

    Nikulin, A. 《世界著名男低音歌唱家 夏利亞賓傳》(Chaliapin). 范樂善 譯。北京:音樂出版社,1956。

    Philip, Robert. 《如何從唱片聽門道:錄音時代的演奏藝術》(Performing Music in the Age of Recording). 陳效真 譯。臺北市:音樂時代,2007。

    Sachs, Harvey. 《魯賓斯坦傳》(Arthur Rubinstein). 陳軍 譯。臺北市:世界文物,1998。

    榎本泰子 編著。《樂人之都─上海:西洋音樂在近代中國的發軔》。彭瑾 譯。上海:上海音樂出版社,2003。

    焦元溥 編著。《經典CD縱橫觀:1 歷史進展與詮釋變化》。臺北市:聯經,2005。

    容世誠 編著。《粵韻留聲》。香港:天地圖書有限公司,2006。

    侯宏易 編著。《黑膠唱片收藏圖鑑:LP玩家實用事典》。臺北市:世界文物,2007。

    梁元生 編著。《晚清上海 一個城市的歷史記憶》。香港:中文大學出版社,2009。

    葛濤 編著。《唱片與近代上海社會生活》。上海:上海辭書出版社,2009。

    二、期刊
    Anderson, Robert. “Review: Elgar's Musical Style. Robert Anderson on Yesterday's Musical Fashions.” The Musical Times, Vol. 134, No. 1810 (Dec., 1993):
    689-690,692.

    Engel, Carl. “Views and Reviews.” The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Jan., 1943): 138-145.

    Garofalo, Reebee. “From Music Publishing to MP3: Music and Industry in the Twentieth Century.” American Music, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Autumn, 1999): 318-354.

    Groemer, Gerald. “Recording Reviews.” Ethnomusicology, Vol. 49, No. 1 (Winter, 2005): 161-168

    Gronow, Pekka. “The Record Industry Comes to the Orient.” Ethnomusicology, Vol. 25, No. 2 (May, 1981): 251-284.

    Masu, Genjiro. “The Place of Folk Music in the Cultural Life of the Present Day in Japan.” Journal of the International Folk Music Council, Vol. 5 (1953): 64-65.

    Shigeru, Kawabata. “The Japanese Record Industry.” Popular Music, Vol. 10, No. 3, Japanese Issue (Oct., 1991): 327-345.

    ?. “Notes and News.” The Musical Times, Vol. 80, No. 1155 (May, 1939): 373-375.

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    張淑珍。〈中國錄音製品出版事業八十年(1908-1987)〉。《中國音樂學季刊》(第一期,1994):89-94。

    葛濤。〈“百代”沉浮─近代上海百代公司盛衰記〉。《史林》(5月,2008):27-28。

    魯曉、李沫。〈中國百年兒童歌曲的先河─學堂樂歌〉。《瀋陽教育學院學報》(8月,2011):85-87。

    趙麗。〈“學堂樂歌”與日本音樂的暗合與背棄〉。《淮南師範學院學報》(第3期,2011):80-82。

    三、學術論文
    徐羽中。〈二十世紀上半葉中國唱片初探〉。福建師範大學碩士論文,2005。

    田飛。〈從百代小紅樓考察民國時期上海的唱片業發展和影響〉。上海音樂學院碩士論文,2007。

    許宜雯,〈二十世紀錄音出現後演出實踐的探討〉,臺北藝術大學碩士論文,2009。

    劉永筑,〈1926年台灣日蓄與金鳥曲盤研究〉,臺灣師範大學碩士論文,2010。

    四、雜誌
    壹、外文
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    ________. “David Bicknell.” The Gramophone, September, 1971.
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    Gaisberg, Fred. “To Fred Gaisberg, With Very Kindest Regard of I. J. Paderewski.” The Gramophone, September, 1941.
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    ________. “Chaliapin as I Knew Him.” The Gramophone, May, 1938.
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    ________. “Notes from my Diary Recording of Actual Performance.” The Gramophone,
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    Moore, Jerrold Northrop and Brian Rust. “Collector’s Corner.” The Gramophone, March, 1973. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/March%201973/50/819955/COLLECTORS+CORNER (accessed July 1, 2011)

    Moore, Jerrold Northrop. “Caruso's First Recordings.” The Gramophone, February, 1973.
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    ________. “Elgar. Symphony No. 1 in A flat Major, Op. 55. London Philharmonic Orchestra Conducted by Sir Georg Solti. Decca SXL6569 (L215).” The Gramophone, August, 1972. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/August%201972/47/855198/ (accessed July 1, 2011)

    ________. “Adelina Patti Makes Records.” The Gramophone,
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    ________.“Pau Casals (violoncello), Unaccompanied. Suite No. 4 in E flat Major Suite No. 5 in C minor. H.M.V. (52 in., 56s. id.) Available on special order only.”
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    Sanders, Alan. “Beethoven Piano Trio in B flat Major, Op. 97.” The Gramophone, October, 1989. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/October%201989/176/753478/BEETHOVEN.+Piano+Trio+in+B+flat+major%2C+Op.+97%2C+Archduke. (accessed July 1, 2011)

    ________. “Compact Disc Round Up There.” The Gramophone, November, 1987.
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    ________. “Hindsight.” The Gramophone, March, 1992.
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    ________. “Symphony Orchestra, Royal Albert Hall Orchestra/ Sir Edward Elgar.” The Gramophone, June, 1992. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/June%201992/92/834323/ (accessed July 1, 2011)

    S., L. “Moriz Rosenthal. The Complete HMV Recording 1934-7.” The Gramophone, April, 1987. http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/April%201987/62/824533/ (accessed July 1, 2011)

    Wratten, Bernard. “Fred Gaisberg.” The Gramophone, October, 1951,
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    ?. “Editorial.” The Gramophone, November, 1951.
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    貳、中文
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    ________。〈唱片收藏面面觀(七)〉。《音響論壇》No. 237,五月,2008。
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    ________。〈唱片收藏面面觀(八)〉。《音響論壇》No. 238,六月,2008。
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    ________。〈唱片收藏面面觀(九)〉。《音響論壇》No. 239,七月,2008。
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    ________。〈唱片收藏面面觀(十)〉。《音響論壇》No. 240,八月,2008。
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    五、網路
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    2011)

    Strötbaum, Hugo. “The Fred Gaisberg Diaries Part 1: USA and Europe.”
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    ________. “The Fred Gaisberg Diaries Part 2: Going East.”
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    六、影音資料
    100 Years of Great Music (1897-1997). CD-ROM. EMI, 1997.

    Beniamino Gigli. CD-ROM. EU: EMI, 2010.

    Chaliapin. CD-ROM. Wyastone Leys, Monmouth: Nimbus, 1991.

    Gigli. Vol. 1 1918-24. CD-ROM. Charlottesville: Nimbus, 1990.

    Gigli. Vol. 2 1925-40. CD-ROM. Wyastone Leys, Monmouth: Nimbus, 1990.

    The Elgar Edition. CD-ROM. EMI, 2011.

    The Record of Singing 1899-1952. CD-ROM. EU: EMI, 2009.

    Chaliapin The Enchanter. DVD-ROM. Warner Music, 1998.

    The Art of Singing. DVD-ROM. Warner Music, 2002.

    《中國音樂百年》。DVD-ROM。上海文藝,2008。

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