Author: |
林彥呈 Lin, Yen-Cheng |
---|---|
Thesis Title: |
台灣政治人物電視專訪及立法院質詢中問句功能研究 The Use of Questions in Taiwanese Political Interviews and Parliamentary Question Time Sessions |
Advisor: |
張妙霞
Chang, Miao-Hsia |
Degree: |
碩士 Master |
Department: |
英語學系 Department of English |
Thesis Publication Year: | 2019 |
Academic Year: | 107 |
Language: | 英文 |
Number of pages: | 96 |
Keywords (in Chinese): | 問句 、形式 、功能 、政治人物專訪 、立法院質詢 、語境特徵 |
Keywords (in English): | questions, forms, functions, political interviews, parliamentary question time sessions, situational features |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU201901081 |
Thesis Type: | Academic thesis/ dissertation |
Reference times: | Clicks: 183 Downloads: 0 |
Share: |
School Collection Retrieve National Library Collection Retrieve Error Report |
本研究主要分析台灣政治人物訪談以及台灣立法院質詢兩種正式場合語境的中文問句使用情況,並提供其語境中問句的形式與功能的分佈及形式與功能之間的關係。另外,藉由探討兩種語境的情境特徵來解釋問句功能使用的分佈。就功能部分,本文採納Freed (1994)以及Chang (1997)的問句功能來分析訪談及質詢中的問句。
在語料方面,本文蒐集了八個台灣政治人物專訪節目以及八場台灣立法院質詢,其中專訪節目總共有511個問句,而立法院質詢中有420個問句,加總共有971個問句。並藉由正規化頻率(normalized frequency)的統計來呈現問句形式及功能分佈情形。研究結果發現,在政治人物專訪中,偏好的問句形式包括語氣詞問句(SFP questions)、直述句問句(declarative questions)以及疑問詞問句(question-word questions)。在立法院質詢中,出現較多的問句形式包括語氣詞問句(SFP questions)、正反問句(A-not-A questions)以及疑問詞問句(question-word questions)。就功能分佈結果發現,外在事實範疇(external category)的功能在兩個語境中的出現頻率都是最高的,但是在政治人物專訪中,表達範疇(expressive category)的功能出現頻率有比較高的趨勢。以細部功能來說,在兩個語境中針對隱私、機密訊息的取得功能(elicitation of private information)同時佔最多數,其次多數為普遍存在事實的取得(elicitation of universal information)、釐清事實功能(clarification)、確認事實功能(confirmation)以及反問功能(rhetorical function),其中佔多數的問句功能皆為標準問句(standard question)。此分佈結果也證實Ilie (1999)所指出的,標準問句越多,語境就越正式。
另外Biber及Conrad (2009)所提出的語境特徵(situational features)也充分解釋問句功能分佈情形。關鍵語境特徵包括背景(settings)、溝通目的(communicative purposes)、主題(topics)、對話參與者(participants)以及參與者之間的關係(relations among participants)。藉由上述結果可以推測,就以問句為主的語言特徵來說,政治人物專訪以及立法院質詢這兩種語境是類似的,但是也因為語境特徵的不同,導致分佈結果有些許不同,例如上述提到的,政治人物專訪中的表達範疇的問句功能(expressive category)略顯比立法院質詢多。另外也可以推測,情境的特徵也會影響問句功能的使用。
This study aims to investigate the Mandarin question forms and functions in Taiwanese political interviews and parliamentary question time sessions to see the distribution of question forms and functions, the form-function correlation through mapping, as well as the influence of situational features on question use. Freed’s (1994) and Chang’s (1997) functional taxonomies are adopted to create a modified taxonomy for question function, with a view to taking a closer look at how questions are used to fulfill certain functions.
Eight political interviews and eight parliamentary questioning sessions are collected as the current data sets. There are 971 question questions identified (551 questions in political interviews and 420 questions in parliamentary question time sessions). Their question forms and functions are also identified for the analysis. Several findings are found in the result of the statistics of normalized frequency. As to the distribution of question forms, SFP questions, declarative questions, and question-word questions are the most frequently used question forms in political interviews. For parliamentary question time sessions, SFP questions, A-not-A questions, and question-word questions are the most preferred question forms. Regarding the distribution of question functions, on the other hand, external functions are most frequent in the two registers, even though the expressive functions in political interviews are more common than those in parliamentary questioning sessions. More specifically, the function of seeking private information is most frequently used. Apart from private function, the function of seeking universal information, clarification, confirmation, and rhetorical questions are to some extent frequently used. Most of them are standard questions, which is corresponding to the assumption that the more standard questions are used, the more formal the context is (Ilie 1999).
Through investigation of situational features (Biber and Conrad 2009), it can be found that features, including settings, communicative purposes, topics, participants, and relations among participants, are the contributing factors of the distribution of question functions in the two registers. It can be concluded that the political interviews and parliamentary question time sessions are similar in terms of the question use and that how speakers use questions are decisively determined by these contextual factors.
Alderman, R. K. (1992). The leader of the opposition and prime minister's question time. Parliamentary Affairs, 45(1), 66-76.
Atkinson, J. M., & Drew, P. (1979). Order in court. Springer.
Austin, John L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Bailer, S. (2011). People's voice or information pool? The role of, and reasons for, parliamentary questions in the Swiss parliament. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 17(3), 302-314.
Baker, Carl Leroy. (1968). Indirect questions in English. Ph.D. thesis, University of
Illinois.
Bavelas, J. B., Black, A., Bryson, L., & Mullett, J. (1988). Political equivocation: A situational explanation. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 7(2), 137-145.
de Beaugrande, R. (1993). Register in discourse studies: A concept in search of a theory. Register analysis: Theory and practice, 7-25.
Biber, Douglas and Susan Conrad. (2009). Genre, Register and Style. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bolinger, D. L. M. (1957). Interrogative Structures of American English: University of Alabama Press.
Bull, P. (1994). On identifying questions, replies, and non-replies in political interviews. Journal of language and social psychology, 13(2), 115-131.
Bull, P., & Wells, P. (2012). Adversarial discourse in prime minister’s questions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 31(1), 30-48.
Burton, D. (1980). Dialogue and discourse: A sociolinguistic approach to modern drama dialogue and naturally occurring conversation. Routledge/Thoemms Press.
Cameron, Deborah. (2000). Good to Talk: Loving and Working in a Communication Culture. London: Sage.
Chang, C. L. (2006). Application of politeness theory to tag questions translated from English to Chinese. MA thesis, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Chang, C. Y. (1997). A discourse analysis of questions in Mandarin conversation. Unpublished MA thesis, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Chao, Y.-R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkley: University of California Press.
Chu, C. (1998). A Discourse Grammar of Mandarin Chinese. New York, USA: Peter Lang Publishing.
Churchill, Lindsey. (1978). Questioning strategies in Sociolinguistics. Rowley, Mass: Newbury House.
Cheng, Chuan-Tian (2003). 台灣總統直選後質詢制度之研究. 臺灣大學國家發展研究所學位論文, 1-166.
Clayman, S. (2010). Questions in broadcast journalism. Why Do You Ask: The Function of Questions in Institutional Discourse, 256-278.
Clayman, S., & Heritage, J. (2002). The news interview: Journalists and public figures on the air. Cambridge University Press.
Coulthard, Malcolm, Montgomery, Martin, Brazil, & David. (1981). Developing a description of spoken discourse. In Coulthard, Malcolm, Montgomery, Martin (Eds.), Studies in Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1-50.
Couture, B. (Ed.). (1986). Functional approaches to writing: Research perspectives. Burns & Oates.
van Dijk (2001). Critical Discourse Analysis. In D. Tannen, D. Schiffrin & H. Hamilton (eds.): Handbook of Discourse Analysis: 352–371. Blackwell
Drew, P. and Heritage, J. (1992). Talk At Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eades, D. (2008). Courtroom talk and neocolonial control (Vol. 22). Walter de Gruyter.
Eggins, Suzanne. 1994. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter Publishers.
Eggins, Suzanne and Martin, J.R. (1997). "Genre and registers of discourse." In Teun A. van Dijk, (Ed.), Discourse as structure and process (pp. 230-56). London: Sage.
Firth, J.R. (1957). Papers in Linguistics, 1934-1951. 1st Edn., Oxford University Press, London, pp: 233.
Freed, A., & Ehrlich, S. (Eds.). (2010). Why do you ask?: The function of questions in institutional discourse. Oxford University Press.
Fairclough, N. (1989) Language and Power. London, UK: Longman.
Fairclough, Norman. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. London: Polity.
Fairclough, Norman. (1996). Technologisation of Discourse. In Carmen Caldas-Couthard and Malcolm Coulthard, eds., Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis, 71-83. London: Routledge.
Fairclough, N. & Wodak, R. (1997): ‘Critical Discourse Analysis‘. In: Introduction to Discourse Analysis., van Dijk, T.A. (ed.), London, 258-284.
Falk, J. S. (1978). Linguistics and language: A survey of basic concepts and implications. John Wiley & Sons.
Fetzer, A., & Bull, P. (2013). Political interviews in context. Analyzing Genres in Political Communication: Theory and Practice. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 73-99.
Goody, E. N. (Ed.). (1978). Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction (Vol. 8). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Goffman, Erving. (1981). Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Gruber, H. (2001). Questions and strategic orientation in verbal conflict sequences. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(12), 1815-1857.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. Hodder Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). Spoken and written modes of meaning. Media texts: Authors and readers, 7, 51-73.
Halliday, M. A., & Hasan, R. (1985). Language, text and context: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Victoria: Deakin University Press.
Hank, William. (1996). Language and Communicative Practices. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.
Habermas, J. (1984) The Theory of Communicative Action Volume 1: Reason and
the Rationalisation of Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Harris, Sandra. (2001). Being politically impolite: extending politeness theory to
adversarial political discourse. Discourse and Society 12, 451-472.
Heritage, J. (1985) ‘Analysing news interviews: aspects of the production of talk for an overhearing audience’ in T. van Dijk (ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis, vol. 3: 95–117.
Heritage, J. (2004). Conversation analysis and institutional talk. In R. Sanders & K. Fitch (Eds.), Handbook of Language and Social Interaction (pp. 103–146). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
Heritage, J., D. Greatbatch. (1991) 'On the institutional character of institutional talk: the case of news interviews'. In: D. Boden, D.H. Zimmerman, eds. Talk and social structure: studies in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. Cambridge: Polity Press: 93-137
Heritage, J. C., & Roth, A. L. (1995). Grammar and institution: Questions and questioning in the broadcast news interview. Research on language and social interaction, 28(1), 1-60.
Holmes, J., & Chiles, T. (2010). Is that right?” questions and questioning as control devices in the Workplace. Why Do You Ask?: The Function of Questions in Institutional Discourse, 187-210.
Hsieh, M. L. (2001). Form and meaning: Negation and question in Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California.
Hu, C. C. (2002). Question tags in Taiwan Mandarin: Discourse functions and grammaticalization. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Ilie, C. (1994). What else can I tell you: A pragmatic study of English rhetorical questions as discursive and argumentative acts. University of Stockholm dissertation.
Ilie, C. (1999). Question-response argumentation in talk shows. Journal of Pragmatics, 31(8), 975-999.
Ilie, C. (2001). Semi-institutional discourse: The case of talk shows. Journal of pragmatics, 33(2), 209-254.
Ilie, C. (2006). Parliamentary discourses. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. 2nd Edition, Vol. 9. K. Brown (ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. 188–197.
Ilie, C. (Ed.). (2010). European parliaments under scrutiny: Discourse strategies and interaction practices (Vol. 38). John Benjamins Publishing.
Ilie, C. (2015). Questions and questioning. In K. Tracy, C. Ilie, & T. Sandel (Eds.), The international Encyclopedia of language and social interaction. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell.
Karttunen, L. (1977). Syntax and semantics of questions. Linguistics and philosophy, 1(1), 3-44.
Katz, J. J., & Paul, M. (1964). Postal. 1964. An integrated theory of linguistic descriptions. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Kearsley, G. P. (1976). Questions and question asking in verbal discourse: A cross-disciplinary review. Journal of psycholinguistic research, 5(4), 355-375.
Kiefer, F. (1983). Introduction. F. Kiefer (ed.), Questions and answers, 1-8. Dordrecht,
Reidel.
Koshik, Irene. (2002). A conversation analytic study of yes/no questions which convey reversed polarity assertions. Journal of Pragmatics 34:1815-77.
Koshik, Irene. (2005). Beyond Rhetorical Questions: Assertive Questions in Everyday Ineraction. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Koutsombogera, M., & Papageorgiou, H. (2010). Multimodal indicators of persuasion in political interviews. In International Workshop on Political Speech (pp. 16-29). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Kress, G. (1985). Linguistic processes in sociocultural practice. Victoria: Deakin University.
Labov, W., & Fanshel, D. (1977). Therapeutic discourse: Psychotherapy as conversation. Academic Press.
Leckie-Tarry, H. (1993). The specification of a text: Register, genre and language teaching. Register analysis: Theory and practice, 26-42.
Lee, Y. H. (2010). Chinese Yes-No Questions in Taiwanese Television Interviews. 清華大學語言學研究所學位論文, 1-96.
Levinson, Stephen (1983), Pragmatics, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press.
Li, C. L. (1998). Tag Questions in Mandarin Chinese. National Cheng-chi University MA Thesis. Taipei.
Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. University of California Press.
Lin, Ji-Dong (1989). 比較憲法. 五南圖書出版公司.
Liu, Qi-Chang (1994). 國會質詢制度之分析. 立法院院聞. 22(9). 51-61.
Liu, Y.-h. (1996). Modern Chinese grammar. Taipei: Shida bookstore.
Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics (Vol. 2). Cambridge university press.
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey, Svartvik, and Jan. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. New York: Longman Group Limited.
Raymond, G. (2003). Grammar and social organization: Yes/no interrogatives and the structure of responding. American sociological review, 939-967.
Sacks, H. (1992). Lectures on conversation (2 vols.; G. Jefferson, Ed.). Oxford:
Blackwell.
Sacks, Harvey, Schegloff, Emanuel A., Jefferson, Gail. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696-735.
Salmond, Robert C. 2004. "Grabbing governments by the throat: Question time and leadership in New Zealand's parliamentary opposition." Political Science 56(2):75-90.
Sarangi, S. (2010b). The spatial and temporal dimensions of reflective questions in genetic counseling. In Freed, A. F., Ehrlich, S. (Eds.), Why do you ask? The function of questions in institutional discourse. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 235-255.
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language (Vol. 626). Cambridge university press.
Sidnell, J. (2010). The design and positioning of questions in inquiry testimony. In Why Do You Ask: The Function of Questions in Institutional Discourse, 20-41.
Sinclair, J. M., & Coulthard, M. (1975). Towards an analysis of discourse: The English used by teachers and pupils. Oxford Univ Pr.
Stenström, A. B. (1984). Questions and Responses in English Conversation. Malmö, Sweden: CWK Gleerup.
Stivers, T., Enfield, N. J., & Levinson, S. C. (2010). Question-response sequences in conversation across ten languages: an introduction. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 2615-2619.
Thornborrow, J. (2010). Questions and institutionality in public participation broadcasting. Why Do You Ask?: The Function of Questions in Institutional Discourse, 279-296.
Tsui, A.B.M. (1992). A functional description of questions. In M. Coulthard (Ed.), Advances in spoken discourse analysis. London: Routledge, 89-110..
Wang, W. S.-Y. (1965). Two aspect markers in Mandarin. In Language 41:457-70
Wang, J. (2006). Questions and the exercise of power. Discourse & Society, 17(4), 529-548.
West, C. (1984) Routine Complications: Troubles with Talk Between Doctors and Patients. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
Wiberg, M. (1995). Parliamentary questioning: Control by communication. Parliaments and majority rule in Western Europe, 179-222.
Willis, J. (1981). Spoken discourse in the E.L.T classroom: A system of analysis and a description. (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/458/
Wodak, R. (2002). Aspects of critical discourse analysis. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik, 36(10), 5-31.
Wunderlich D. (1981). Questions about Questions. In: Klein W., Levelt W. (eds) Crossing the Boundaries in Linguistics. Synthese Language Library, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht.
Yasuda, Y. (2011) The Semantic, Pragmatic and Discourse Functions of the "ma-particle question" and "A-not-A question" and Its Counterparts in Japanese. MA thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Yu, J. Y. (2014). A study on question types, replying strategies and interruptions in the parliamentary Question Time in Taiwan. MA thesis, National Cheng Kung University.
Yuan, J., Shih, C., & Kochanski, G. P. (2002). Comparison of declarative and interrogative intonation in Chinese. In Speech Prosody 2002, International Conference.